CkBooks Online – Free Online Books

Inlaid work is in effect similar to the applied, and it is used for the same purposes. The difference with this is that both background and pattern are cut out and fitted into each other, instead of only one of them being cut out and laid on an entire ground. The method of work is [...]

Under some conditions of service the stage valve in the Curtis turbine will not do what it is designed to do. It is usually attached to the machine in such manner that it will operate with, or a little behind, in the matter of time, the sixth valve. The machine is intended to carry full [...]

We will consider what is known as the “mechanical” valve-gear, with two sets of valves, one set of five valves being located on each side of the machine. FIG. 21 In setting the valves we should first “throw out” all pawls to avoid breakage in case the rods are not already of proper length, holding [...]

Fig. 20 represents one of the several designs of stage valve, sometimes called the overload valve, the office of which is to prevent too high pressure in the first stage in case of a sudden overload, and to transfer a part of the steam to a special set of expanding nozzles over the second-stage wheel. [...]

Fig. 8 shows an elevation and part-sectional view of a 1500-kilowatt Curtis steam turbine. If one should go into the exhaust base of one of these turbines, all that could be seen would be the under side of the lower or fourth-stage wheel, with a few threaded holes for the balancing plugs which are sometimes [...]

We find much the same high forms of set-up head-dress continuing in fashion as in the later years of Elizabeth’s reign; but the hair began to take a fuller shape, rather round, done up in tight frizzled curls, with the usual decorations of jewels, pearls, or set bows of this period. Hats with high crowns [...]

Financial Statements are like the Instrument panels of a business. There are different needs of different users of these statements. Users can be outside users and internal users. Identity of user is important, so as to provide him/her with relevant information. Financial statement analysis is the process of examining relationships among financial statement elements and [...]

C# was released by Microsoft in June 2000 as part of the .Net framework. It was co-authored by Anders Hejlsberg (who is famous for the design of the Delphi language), and Scott Wiltamuth. C# is a strongly-typed object-oriented language. It is Similar to Java and C++ in many respects. The .NET platform is centered around [...]

Assignment statement Like all imperative languages, Ada also supports the assignment statement. However, in Ada the assignment is not an expression like C. The syntax of the assignment statement is as follows: Variable := expression; Note that, in Ada, ‘:=’ is used as the assignment operator whereas ‘=’ is used as assignment operator in C. [...]

Ada has a rich set of operators. The following table gives a list of these operators and also shown corresponding C++ operators for reference. Operator C/C++ Ada Assignment = := Equality == = Non Equality != /= Greater Than > > Less Than < < Greater Than Or Equal >= >= Less Than Or Equal [...]

Over the years, development in the computer architecture has had a major impact on programming language design. With the decreasing cost and increasing speed of hardware we simply can afford the programming languages which are more complex and tolerate the programming language to be less efficient. We shall now study the impact of the hardware [...]

A concept similar to software reengineering is of business process reengineering (BPR). A business process is “a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business outcome”. It is the way certain business is conducted. Purchasing services and supplies, hiring new employees, paying suppliers are examples of business processes. For BPR the following [...]

CM standards CM should always be based on a set of standards which are applied within an organisation. Standards should define how items are identified, how changes are controlled and how new versions are managed. Standards may be based on external CM standards (e.g. IEEE standard for CM ANSI/IEEE Std. No. 828-1983, 1042-1987, 1028-1988). Existing [...]

Product release is the act of making a product available to its intended customers. After a product has had its first release, it enters a product release cycle. New versions of the product are made available that may fix defects or add features that were not in previous releases. These changes are categorized as updates [...]

Quality cannot be assured without first understanding its nature and characteristics. So the first question one has to ask is: what is quality? Software quality is defined as conformance to explicitly stated functional and non-functional requirements, explicitly documented development standards, and implicit characteristics that are expected of all professionally developed software. This definition emphasizes upon [...]

A process model defines a task set which comprises of SE work tasks, milestones, and deliverables. This enable a software team to define, develop, and support the software. Therefore, each software process should define a collection of task sets, designed to meet the needs of different types of projects. To determine the set of tasks [...]

This section defines the rules that apply when counting EIs, EOs and EQs. Elementary Process Identification Rules To identify elementary processes, look for user activities occurring in the application. All of the following counting rules must apply for the process to be identified as an elementary process. The process is the smallest unit of activity [...]

The software development organization must have special focus on quality while performing the software engineering activities. Based on this commitment to quality by the organization, a software engineering framework is proposed that is shown in Figure 2. The major components of this framework are described below. Quality Focus: As we have said earlier, the given [...]

This course is a continuation of the first course on Software Engineering. In order to set the context of our discussion, let us first look at some of the definitions of software engineering. Software Engineering is the set of processes and tools to develop software. Software Engineering is the combination of all the tools, techniques, [...]

3D Transformations I Definition of a 3D Point A point is similar to its 2D counterpart; we simply add an extra component, Z, for the 3rd axis: Points are now represented with 3 numbers: <x, y, z>. This particular method of representing 3D space is the “left-handed” coordinate system. In the left-handed system the x [...]

Algorithm When filling a polygon, you will most likely just have a set of vertices, indicating the x and y Cartesian coordinates of each vertex of the polygon. The following steps should be taken to turn your set of vertices into a filled polygon. 1. Initializing All of the Edges: The first thing that needs [...]

Parabola A parabola is the set of all points (x, y) that are the same distance from a fixed line (called the directrix) and a fixed point (focus) not on the directrix. See figure for the view of a parabola and its related focus and directrix. Note that the graph of a parabola is similar [...]

Hyperbola We begin this section with the definition of a hyperbola. A hyperbola is the set of all points (x, y) in the plane the difference of whose distances from two fixed points is some constant. The two fixed points are called the foci. Each hyperbola consists of two branches. The line segment; which connects [...]

Circle Drawing Techniques Circle A circle is the set of points in a plane that are equidistant from a given point O. The distance r from the center is called the radius, and the point O is called the center. Twice the radius is known as the diameter The angle a circle subtends from its [...]

Plasma-panel Displays Plasma panels also called gas-discharge displays are constructed by filling the region between two glass plates with a mixture of gases that usually includes neon. A series of vertical conducting ribbons is placed on one glass panel, and a set of horizontal ribbons is built into the other glass panel. Firing voltages applied [...]

RANDOM-SCAN Displays In random-scan displays a portion of the screen can be displayed. Random-scan displays draw a picture one line at a time and are also called vector displays (or stroke-writing or calligraphic displays). In these systems image consists of a set of line drawing commands referred to as Refresh Display File. Random-scan can refresh [...]

Signals ¬ Need For Signals a.                   One of the major concerns of Physical layer is moving information in the form of electromagnetic signals across a TX medium b.                  Information can be voice, image, numeric data, characters or any message that is readable and has meaning to the destination user (human or m/c) c.                 Generally, the [...]

KEY DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGY ¬ Link: connects adjacent nodes Wires, Cables, Any thing that physically connects two nodes ¬ Path: end-to-end route within a network ¬ Circuit: the conduit over which data travels ¬ Packetzing: dividing messages into fixed-length packets prior to transmission over a network’s communication media ¬ Routing: determining a message’s path from [...]

MOMENT RATIOS: On numerous occasions, our interest lies not in just one single variable but in two, three, four or more variables. For example, if we talk about the yield of a crop, we realize that the yield of any crop depends on a variety of factors the fertility of the soil, the type of [...]

CHEBYCHEV’S THEOREM Chebychev’s Inequality The Empirical Rule • The Five Number Summary In the last lecture, we discussed the concept of standard deviation in quite a lot of detail. It is an extremely important concept, and it is very important that we appreciate and understand its role in statistical analysis. We’ve seen that if we [...]