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Organizational Structure Departments are structured based on the set of related responsibilities. The set of responsibilities being discharged set the tone and structure of that department. The complexity and diversity of these responsibilities also affect how departments are set in an organization. Existence of Functional departments in every organization vary with the nature of industry [...]

Nature of the Business and Information Requirements Manufacturing Sector Service Sector Trading Sector 1. Manufacturing Sector Manufacturing process involves more than one sub-processes, detailed information is required before transferring materials for warehousing, manufacturing and sale to final consumer. Information Requirements of Manufacturing Sector Management is concerned with the day to day costs, production targets, quality [...]

Hard Disk Peripheral devices connect the outside world with the central processing unit through the I/O modules. One important feature of these peripheral devices is the variable data rate. Peripheral devices are important because of the function they perform. A hard disk is the most frequently used peripheral device. It consists of a set of [...]

Considerations during I/O Subsystem Design Certain things must be taken care of during the design of an I/O subsystem. Data location: The designer must identify the device where the data to be accessed is available, the address of this device and how to collect the data from this device. For example, if a database needs [...]

STATISTICAL DATA REPRESENTATION OBJECTIVES The objectives of the lecture are to learn about: Review Lecture 22 Statistical Data Representation. MODULE 5 Statistical data representation ( Lecture 23) Measures of central tendency ( Lectures 24-25) Measures of dispersion and skewness (Lectures 26-27) MODULE 6 Correlation (Lecture 28-29) Line Fitting (Lectures 30-31) Time Series and Exponential Smoothing [...]

DEVICE DRIVERS Device drivers are operating system extensions that become part of the operating system and extend its services to new devices. Device drivers in DOS are very simple. They just have their services exposed through the file system interface. Device driver file starts with a header containing a link to the next driver in [...]

International market segmentation Segmenting International Markets Segmenting international markets: Like domestic markets, international markets can also be segmented on the following criteria; Geographic location Economic factors Political & legal factors Cultural factors Intermarket segmentation (segment consumers with similar profile but different countries) Basis for country segmentation: Country markets can be segmented on the basis of [...]

International Market Segmentation Market segmentation is the process in marketing of dividing a market into distinct subsets (segments) that behave in the same way or have similar needs. Because each segment is fairly homogeneous in their needs and attitudes, they are likely to respond similarly to a given marketing strategy. That is, they are likely [...]

DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS DISTRIBUTION (BUSINESS) Distribution is one of the four Aspects of Marketing. A distribution business is the middleman between the manufacturer and retailer or (usually) in commercial or industrial the business customer. After a product is manufactured by a supplier/factory, it is typically stored in a distribution company’s warehouse. The product is then sold [...]

MACROECONOMIC PROFILE OF A COUNTRY: EXAMPLE ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN INTRODUCTION This report is a brief attempt to analyze the overall economic performance of Pakistan since 1950s to the current times. The future policy implications are based on the data analysis presented in this study. METHODOLOGY I have largely used the data provided by the web [...]

PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) Partnership Principles Following are the principles or criterion which a partnership has to fulfill to qualify as a PPP or PSPP. Openness and Binding Commitment: Disclosure to partners of all relevant information and strict adherence to the important principles of cooperation. This strict adherence is usually made possible in [...]

PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP Public-private partnership (PPP) is a system in which a government service or private business venture is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector (Ferlie et al., 2005). PPP is also defined as a contractual agreement formed between public and private sector partners, which allows more [...]

A REVISIT OF MODULE I & II In this session we will revise the first two modules in a bullet point form so that we refresh what we have learnt so far. Module I (Making Things Happen: Enabling Skills required for HRD People and circumstances: People make things happen, but for that they need a [...]

HEALTH SECTOR Taken from page: http://www.emro.who.int/lebanon/crisis/Leb_national_strat_early_recovery_Aug06.pdf National Strategy for Early Recovery of the Health Sector in Lebanon 31 August 2006 Christopher Black/WHO INTRODUCTION The conflict across the border between Lebanon and Israel that started on 12 July has claimed over 1100 civilian lives, left more than 4000 people wounded, and displaced more than a quarter [...]

NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a private institution that is independent of the government although many NGOs, particular in the global South, are funded by Northern governments. Anheier places the number of internationally operating NGOs at 40,000. National numbers are even higher: Russia has 400,000 NGOs. India is estimated to have [...]

SECTORS OF A SOCIETY: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS PUBLIC SECTOR public sector is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by and for the government, whether national, regional or local/municipal. Examples of public sector activity range from delivering social security, administering urban planning and organizing national defences. [...]

LEADERSHIP ORGANIZATIONAL DEMOCRACY, STRUCTURES AND STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP The study of leadership has progressed from a simple description of traits to examining complexities of interaction between leaders and followers and since 1940s, the main approach in studying leadership focuses on leadership styles (Athanasaw, 2003). Hambrick and Pettigrew (2001) note two distinctions between the terms leadership and [...]

INTRODUCTION TO PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT-I RECAP OF 1ST Lecture Course Content, Midterm and Final Exam Organization Definition Finance, Marketing and Operations Productive systems, Production and Service Systems Operations Management (The management of systems or processes that create goods and/or provide services) Operation Function ( Consists of all activities directly related to producing goods or [...]

GALBRAITH vs. VON HAYEK This is a pretty good measure of how far we have come in America in our understanding of freedom from that of the founders: Bill Clinton awarded the “Medal of Freedom” to John Kenneth Galbraith on August 9, 2000, despite the fact that Galbraith has been a stalwart champion of the [...]

INDIRECT INVESTING Contd… Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs): A new investing trend of increasing importance is the exchange-traded funds (ETFs). These new financial assets have some characteristics of index mutual funds, closed-end funds, and even individual stocks. An ETF is a basket of stocks that tracks a particular sector, investment style, geographical area, or the market as [...]

RISK WEIGHTS FOR NON-CENTRAL GOVT. PUBLIC SECTOR ENTITIES (PSES) Claims on domestic PSEs will be treated as claims on banks of that country. Subject to national discretion, claims on domestic PSEs may also be treated as claims on the sovereigns in whose jurisdictions the PSEs are established. Where this discretion is exercised, other national supervisors [...]

CREDIT ADMINISTRATION, MEASUREMENT & MONITORING PROCESS (CONT.) The effectiveness of a bank’s credit risk measurement process is highly dependent on the quality of management information systems. The information generated from such systems enables the board and all levels of management to fulfill their respective oversight roles, including determining the adequate level of capital that the [...]

SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS The role of government as a facilitator of business and its interaction with business support institutions is imperative for the establishment of a mutually beneficial relationship for the growth of the sector. SME promotion is an important issue for many government departments and central offices. For example, the Ministry of Labour plays [...]

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WTO is a reality, which has come to stay. We have to face the emerging challenges and grasp the opportunities. As the Governor, SBP stated that we need to develop strategy to get maximum benefit from globalization. Foremost areas of concerns The textile sector, which contributes 67% of [...]

EXPORT POTENTIAL OF SME IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES – I Definition and Role in Economy The small and medium-sized sector is a varied one and plays a predominant role in the economies of most developing countries. It comprises factories, workshops, traders and other service facilities. It ranges from the most modern and up-to-date to the simple [...]

ROLE OF MARKETING IN SME – III Product Mix It refers to number of products offered by a company. It is not uncommon to find small firms selling ultiple products. Product mix is done to optimize profits. Advantages of product mix 1. It enables the firm to serve different segments of the market. 2. It [...]

TYPES OF COLLATERALS/GUARANTEES / ASSETS AND PLEDGE TECHNIQUES FOR SECURITY This lecture deals with the types of collaterals /guarantees/assets and pledge techniques for security. Guarantees or Collateral You Can Offer Not many lenders will consider granting you, or anyone else for that matter, a loan without security. The question will come up early in the [...]

SHORT AND MEDIUM TERM ISSUES FOR SME POLICY FORMULATION – I We are dealing with the short and medium term issues for SME policy formulation. In fact this whole issue is inter-related in lessons No 10,11,12,13 and14. Labor Issues Likewise, the intensity of the regulations is the second most important reason for firms to drift [...]

ISSUES AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT FOR SME – II This lecture deals with the policy-making issues on short and medium term basis. The importance of these issues is self evident in this lecture. This lecture reflects issues where we feel we may achieve strong impacts in the short and medium-term, i.e. until 2011. They should therefore [...]

ISSUES AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT FOR SME – I This lecture is concerned with the different issue and other obstacles faced by the policy makers while forming an SME policy for Pakistan. This includes both long term and short term issues. Issues and Policy Development Pakistan’s economy is an economy of SME. Policies in the past [...]