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Its Savage Origin—A Clue to its only Claim to Artistic Importance—Monotony better than Variety—An Exercise in Impatience and Precision—Technical Methods. One of the simplest forms of wood-carving is that known as “chip” carving. This kind of work is by no means of modern origin, as its development may be traced to a source in the [...]

Sharpening-stones–mallet and bench Different Stones in use—Case for Stones—Slips—Round Mallet Best—A Home-Made Bench—A Makeshift Bench—Cramps and Clips. The stones which are most generally used for the purpose of sharpening carving tools are “Turkey” and “Washita.” There are many others, some equally good, but “Washita” is easily procured and very serviceable. It is to be had [...]

Warping the Loom—Dressing the Coat-Stave—Tracing the Pattern upon the Threads. Upon commencing the warping of the loom the first matter to be decided is the length of the threads. Some extra length must be measured off besides that actually used for weaving, to allow for what is taken up in fixing the threads and winding [...]

The Uses of Lettering—Marking—Monograms—Heraldry—Emblems. Lettering of one kind or another is frequently in request. It is useful for inscriptions, verses, names attached to figures, the signing and dating of work, and for the more ordinary purposes of marking linen and so forth. Signed and dated work has peculiar attractiveness: it can be placed amidst definite [...]

There is occasion sometimes in embroidery to join edges together visibly. This gives an opportunity for some additional pretty stitching—the addition of something like this, that is perhaps not absolutely necessary, has extra value from the evidence it gives of the worker’s interest and delight in her work, a quality always appreciated; on the other [...]

The Difficulties of Pattern Making—A Stock-in-Trade—Some Principles upon which Patterns are Built Up—Spacing-Out—Nature and Convention—Shading—Figure Work—Limitations—Colour. A beginner sometimes experiences difficulty in preparing her own patterns. A designer needs a wide knowledge of many subjects, which necessitates much time being given to study; also drawing ability is necessary to enable the worker to set down [...]

The surface is a matter of special interest in embroidery work. This makes the choice of materials of great importance. Besides the question of appearance, these must be suitable to the purpose, durable, and, if possible, pleasant to work with and upon. The materials chosen should be the best of their kind, for time and [...]

Having outlined the points of interest and importance in connection with the more permanent features of a plant, we arrive at the preparation and fitting of those special auxiliaries necessary to carry on the test. FIG. 74 It is customary, when carrying out a first test, upon both prime mover and auxiliaries, to place every [...]

There are two highly important features requiring more or less constant attention throughout a test, namely the gland and hot-well regulation. For the present purpose we may assume that the glands are supplied with either steam or water for sealing them. All steam supplied to the turbine obviously goes to swell the hot-well contents, and [...]

All preliminary labors connected with a test being satisfactorily disposed of, it only remains to place the turbines under the required conditions, and to then proceed with the test. For the benefit of those inexperienced in the operation of large turbines, we will assume that such a machine is about to be started for the [...]

To some extent, as previously remarked, the condenser and condensing arrangements are instrumental in determining the lines upon which a test ought to be carried out. In general, the local features of a plant restrict the tester more or less in the application of his general methods. A thorough inspection, including some preliminary tests if [...]

There are several oils on the market that are suitable for the purpose of the turbine oiling system, but great care must be exercised in their selection. In the first place, the oil must be pure mineral, unadulterated with either animal or vegetable oils, and must have been washed free from acid. Certain brands of [...]

At regular intervals thorough inspection should be made of all parts of the turbine. As often as it appears necessary from the temperature of the oil, depending on the quality of the oil and the use of the turbine, remove the oil-cooling coil and clean it both on the inside and outside as previously directed; [...]

Now, suppose it is intended to take down the step-bearings for examination. The first thing to do is to provide some way of holding the shaft up in its place while we take its regular support from under it. In some machines, inside the base, there is what is called a “jacking ring.” It is [...]

Size of Test Specimen The size of the test specimen must be governed largely by the purpose for which the test is made. If the effect of a single factor, such as moisture, is the object of experiment, it is necessary to use small pieces of wood in order to eliminate so far as possible [...]

WORKING PLAN Preliminary to making a series of timber tests it is very important that a working plan be prepared as a guide to the investigation. This should embrace: (1) the purpose of the tests; (2) kind, size, condition, and amount of material needed; (3) full description of the system of marking the pieces; (4) [...]

Allah Subhan-o-Tallah has declared that He will become a partner in a business between two Mushariks until they indulge in cheating or breach of trust (Khayanah). Definition and classification of Musharakah The literal meaning of Musharakah is sharing. The root of the word “Musharakah” in Arabic is Shirkah, which means being a partner. It is [...]

In Prolog, a list is a sequence of terms of the form [t1, t2, t3, t4, ..., tn] where term ti is the ith element of the list Examples: [a,b,c] is a list of three elements a, b and c. [[a,list,of,lists], and, numbers,[1,2,3]] is a four element list, the first and last are themselves lists. [...]

SNOBOL stands for StriNg Oriented SymBOlic Language. It is a Special purpose language for string manipulation and handling. It was developed in 1962 at the Bell Labs by Farber, Griswold, and Polensky. It was created out of the frustrations of working with the languages of that time because they required the de velopers to write large programs [...]

Reasons to study concepts of Programming Languages The first question is: why should we study programming languages. There are many reasons for that and some of them are enumerated in the following paragraphs. 1.Increased capacity to express programming concepts Study of programming languages helps in increasing the capacity of express programming concepts. Dijkstra has put [...]

As defined by CMM, the purpose of SCM is to establish and maintain the integrity or software products through the project’s life cycle. Configuration management is concerned with managing evolving software systems. It acknowledges that system change is a team activity and thus it aims to control the costs and effort involved in making changes [...]

Grouping of data into logical files is the result of combined effect of two grouping methods: How data is accessed as a group by elementary processes? (process driven) The relationship between the entities and their interdependency based on business rules. (data driven) The following guideline can be used for this purpose: Process Driven Approach Data [...]

A Function Point count may be divided into the following types: 1.Development Count: A development function point count includes all functions impacted (built or customized) by the project activities. 2.Enhancement Count: An enhancement function point count includes all the functions being added, changed and deleted. The boundary of the application(s) impacted remains the same. The [...]

As this course is titled “Introduction to programming”, therefore it is most essential and appropriate to understand what programming really means. Let us first see a widely known definition of programming. Definition: “A program is a precise sequence of steps to solve a particular problem.” It means that when we say that we have a [...]

A Short Introduction Modern games grow more graphic-intensive by the day. Hardware needs to keep up with the increasingly better graphics and more powerful gaming engines. Because of this, gaming hardware becomes obsolete at a tremendous age; what was considered ‘new’ a year or two ago already needs to be left behind. Every self-respecting gamer [...]

Steps involved in a Statistical Research Project Collection of Data: Primary Data Secondary Data Sampling: Concept of Sampling Non Random Versus Random Sampling Simple Random Sampling Other Types of Random Sampling STEPS INVOLVED IN ANY STATISTICAL RESEARCH Topic and significance of the study Objective of your study Methodology for data collection Source of your data [...]

REPORT WRITING Although every report is custom-made for the project it represents, some conventions of report format are universal. These conventions have developed over a long period of time, and they represent a consensus about what parts are necessary to a good research report and how they should be ordered. The consensus is not an [...]

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION A visitor to a locality stops by a house and inquires about the address of a resident he wants to see. May be he starts talking with a couple of persons asking for their help. In the meantime, some other passersby, or coming out of other houses join, showing their curiosity about [...]

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Experimental research builds on the principles of positivist approach more directly than do the other research techniques. Researchers in the natural sciences (e.g. chemistry and physics), related applied fields (e.g. engineering, agriculture, and medicines) and the social sciences conduct experiments. The logic that guides an experiment on plant growth in biology or testing [...]

DATA PRESENTATION Tables and graphs (pictorial presentation of data) may simplify and clarify the research data. Tabular and graphic representation of data may take a number of forms, ranging from computer printouts to elaborate pictographs. The purpose of each table or graph, however, is to facilitate the summarization and communication of the meaning of the [...]