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Datagram A database management system must make provisions for adding new records (e.g., when an employee is hired); for deleting unneeded records (e.g., when an employee retires); and for modifying existing records. Some fields (such as the Social Security number) will not change; other fields (such as year-to-date pay) must be changed frequently. The main [...]

Adventure game adventure game a game in which the player navigates through an interac- tive story, solving puzzles and exploring areas. There may be multiple endings to the game, and the player’s actions determine which ending is reached. Adventure games test reasoning skills instead of reflexes. The first adventure games, such as Zork, had no graphics, [...]

An operating system has many components that manage all the resources in a computer system, insuring proper execution of programs. We briefly describe these components in this section. Process management A process can be thought of as a program in execution. It needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files and I/O devices to accomplish [...]

The region in the memory that a process is allowed to access is known as process address  space. To ensure correct operation of a computer system, we need to ensure that a process cannot access memory outside its address space. If we don’t do this then a process may, accidentally or deliberately, overwrite the address [...]

The name of the destructor is the same as that of a class with a preceding tilde sign (~). The ~ and name of the class is written as a single word without any space between them. So the name of the destructor of class Date will be ~Date. The destructor can not be overloaded. [...]

We have four basic data types i.e. char, int, float and double. Character strings are arrays of characters. Suppose, there is a word or name like Amir to store in one entity. We cannot store it into a char variable because it can store only one character. For this purpose, a character array is used. [...]

The same applies to the search algorithms. For finding out a particular number in an array, we can use technique of linear search. In this technique, there may be as many comparisons as numbers in the array. We make comparison of the number to be found with each number in the array and find it [...]

There is another statement relating to loops. This is the continue statement. Sometimes we have a lot of code in the body of a loop. The early part of this code is common that is to be executed every time (i.e. in every iteration of loop) and the remaining portion is to be executed in [...]

The C language was developed in late 60’s and early 70’s, in Bell Laboratories. In those days BCPL and B languages were developed there. The BCPL language was developed in 1967 by Martin Richards as a language for writing operating systems software and compilers. In 1970 Ken Thompson used B language to create early versions [...]

The Cream Separator In 1864 Denmark went to war with Germany, and emerged from the short struggle shorn of the provinces of Lauenburg, Holstein, and Schleswig. The loss of the two last, the fairest and most fertile districts of the kingdom, was indeed grievous. The Danish king now ruled only over a land consisting largely [...]