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Directory FIGURE 79. DIP (dual in-line package) integrated circuits Dir dir the command, under Windows command line, that makes the computer display all the files in a particular directory. For example, dir by itself lists the files in the current directory of the current disk. Here are some other examples: dir a: Current directory of [...]

The Consumption of Cacao The Kernels that come to us from the Coast of Caraqua, are more oily, and less bitter, than those that come from the French Islands, and in France and Spain they prefer them to these latter. But in Germany and in the North (Fides sit penes autorem) they have a quite [...]

Cacao Shell Although I have described cacao butter as a by-product, the only true by-product of the combined cocoa and chocolate industry is cacao shell. I explained in the previous chapter how it is separated from the roasted bean. As they come from the husking or winnowing machine, the larger fragments of shell resemble the [...]

The Pandan of Majayjay.14 Plate XLII. Fruit of Pandanus utilissimus (Majayjay). This pandan (P. utilissimus) is known in most places where it grows as “pandan” or “pandan totoo,” the true or tame pandan. It is extensively used in Laguna and Tayabas and is remarkable for its very large leaves and its heavy fruit. The tree [...]

Kinds of Pandans The Common Seashore Pandan. Plate XXXIV. Common pandan along Pasay Beach, Rizal. In a walk of half a mile or, at most, a mile along the beach of any of the seacoast provinces in the Philippines, one is almost sure to come across Pandanus tectorius. A map showing the distribution of this [...]

Many Philippine mat materials have been described in a former publication on hats.1 Only additional and new information is written here and such data from Bulletin 33 as are necessary to make a connected article.2   Buri Straw. The Buri Palm. There are about six species of the genus Corypha in tropical Asia, but only [...]

. The production of mats in the Philippines is large because of the extensive domestic demand for them. The sleeping mat1 is used throughout the Christian provinces, and is also found among the Moros. Such mats are of the finer class and are usually more or less highly decorated with colored straws in various designs. [...]

Heartwood and Sapwood Examination of the end of a log of many species reveals a darker-colored inner portion—the heartwood, surrounded by a lighter-colored zone—the sapwood. In some instances this distinction in color is very marked; in others, the contrast is slight, so that it is not always easy to tell where one leaves off and [...]

Cooperative Society its advantages and disadvantages COOPERATIVE SOCIETY A cooperative society is formed by the people of limited means for self help through mutual help.  It is set up to protect economically the poor sections of the society.  It is set up for cooperation, not for competition.  The motto of a society is self help, without dependence on other business units. DEFINITION 1. According to Herrik “Cooperation is an action of persons voluntarily united for utilizing reciprocally their own forces, resources or both under mutual management for their common profit or loss.” 2. According to Mr. Plunket “The cooperation is self help made effective by organization.” Cooperative Society Welfare Number of persons Business Pool Resources ADVANTAGES OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETY Following are the important advantages or merits of cooperative society: 1. Advantage for Farmers Farmers can get fertilizers and seeds at low prices from such cooperative societies.  Farmers can also self their production at high rate or prices through cooperative societies. 2. Easy Formation the formation of cooperative society is very easy.  the formalities for registration are simple and formation expenses are also normal.  The registration of a society is not compulsory but it is desirable to have its registration. 3. Equal Rights All members of cooperative society enjoy equal right of vote and ownership.  Each shareholder has only one vote in the management of cooperative societies. 4. Equal Distribution of Wealth The profit of middlemen is also distributed among the workers.  These societies remove the unequal distribution of wealth. 5. Economic Democracy Cooperative society is a domestic form of organization.  Every member is allowed to participate in the management of the business.  Each member has the right to cast vote.  The decision of majority is honored. 6. Elimination of Middlemen Cooperative society eliminates the profit of middlemen.  These societies purchases goods directly from the producers for members and provide them on wholesale rate to society members. 7. Financial Assistance These societies also provide financial assistance to its members.  In case of house building cooperatives housing society provides loan for the purchase of inputs. 8. Friendly Relations A cooperative society is a mean of developing friendly relations among the members.  A society provides a platform for the introduction of members with each other. 9. Improve the Standard of Living Such societies provide the goods and services to the members of the society at low prices.  Due to this, the purchasing power of the people increases and their standard of living improves. 10. Increase in Employment The cooperative societies also increase the employment opportunities for people.  Thousands of people are engaged in different types of cooperative societies. 11. Limited Liability The liability of each member in cooperative society is limited to the share capital, which he invested.  His remain safe. 12. Mutual Cooperation It is worthwhile to mention here that cooperative society is very useful for creating the spirit of friendship and brotherhood among the members.  Cooperative society is the basic need of human being in modern era. 13. No Monopoly A start of the society is the end of monopoly.  The monopoly eliminates the competition and controls the market and prices.  The society tries to restore competition and to eliminate control over market and prices. 14. Open Membership the membership of a cooperative society is open for all people living in the same area.  It is a voluntary association of persons of any caste, color and creed. 15. Protection of Mutual Interest In cooperative societies its members take an advantage of mutual interest and cooperate with each other achieve the common interest. 16. Responsibility A society is a training centre for the members to feel their responsibility.  A cooperative society is an ideal place for building up the moral character and development of personal qualities of the members. 17. Supply according to Demand Such societies purchase the goods according to the demand of members.  The question of surplus does not arise. 18. Stable Life The cooperative societies, as compared to other business organization like sole‐proprietorship or partnership, exists for a longer period.  It has a fairly stable life. 19. Saving in Expenditure In cooperative societies, most of offices bearers work voluntarily.  So, there are no heavy expenditures on management.  It also reduces the cost of production. [...]

Literally, the word “business” means the state of being busy.  Generally, the term business includes all human activities concerned with earning money.  \In other words, business is an activity in which various persons regularly produce or exchange goods and services for mutual gain or profit. The goods and services produced or purchased for personal use are not included in “business”. DEFINITION 1. According to L. H. Haney “Business may be defined as human activities directed toward providing or acquiring wealth through buying and selling of goods.” 2. James Stephenson says that: “Every human activity which is engaged in for the sake of earning profit may be called business.” 3. In the words of B. W. Wheeler “An institution organized and operated to provide goods and services to the society, under the incentive of private gain” is business. Structural Diagram Business Financial Analysis Buying and Selling Buying and Selling Wealth CHARACTERISTICS Following are the essential characteristics of a good business: 1. Capital Capital is the lifeblood of every business.  It is the most essential and important element of business.  In case of deficiency, loans can be taken from various financial institutions. 2. Creation of Utility Utility is an economic term referring to that characteristic of a certain commodity, which can satisfy any human need.  Business creates utility, which gives benefit to the entire society as well as the businessmen. 3. Dealing in Goods and Services Every business deals with sale, purchase, production and exchange of goods and services for some consideration. 4. Employment Business is a good source of employment for its owners as well as for other people, for example, employees, agents, transporters etc. 5. Islamic Process Business is an Islamic way of earning living.  Income from business is known as profit, which is Rizq‐e‐Halal.  The Holy Prophet Muhammad himself did prosperous business. 6. Motive The motive of business is to earn profit.  Otherwise it will not be termed as business. 7. Organization Every business needs an organization for its successful working.  A proper organization is helpful in the smooth running of business and achieving the objectives. 8.  Productions or Purchase of Goods A businessman deals in production or purchase of goods.  These goods are supplied to the people.  So, it is necessary that more goods should be produced so that demand of people may be fulfilled. 9. Regular Transaction Business has a nature of regular dealings and series of transactions.  So, in business, only those transactions included which have regularity and continuity. 10.  Risks and Uncertainty Business involves a large volume of risk and uncertainty.  The risk element in business keeps a person vigilant and he tries to ward off his risk by executing his policies properly. 11. Sale or Transfer for value Another characteristic of business is the sale or transfer of goods for value. 12. Social Welfare Business does not only satisfy the producer, but also the consumer when products are offered for sale at low prices in markets. NATURE OF BUSINESS The following points state the nature of business in brief: 1. Economic Activity Business is an economic activity as it is concerned with creation of wealth through the satisfaction of human wants. 2. Human Activity Business is an economic activity and every economic activity is done by human beings.  Thus, business is one of the most important human activities. 3. Social Process Business is run by owners and employees with the help of professionals and customers.  Thus, business is a social process. 4. System Business is a systematic arrangement of various elements, which leads to the attainment of particular objective, according to a well‐established plan. COMPONENTS AND SCOPE OF BUSINESS [...]