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Geography, Land, Boundaries and Neighborhoods 1.  Geography and the People 2.  Boundaries 3.  Neighborhoods 1: Geography and the People Pakistan was comprised of two wings when it came into existence on August 14, 1947. East Pakistan separated in 1971. Post1971 or present day Pakistan is located in the Northwestern part of South Asian Subcontinent. It [...]

COGNITIVE DIFFERENCES It is stereotypically believed that men and women are intellectually very different. Men are thought to be more intelligent, and capable of wise and quick decision making. Women, it is thought, are overwhelmed by their emotion, rather than logic or intellect. Even when a man and a woman have the same I.Q level, [...]

OBMOD OBMOD or Organizational Behaviour Modification is a program where managers identify performance-related employee behaviour and then implement an intervention strategy to strengthen desirable performance behaviour and weaken undesirable behaviours. It combines the works of Pavlov, Skinner, Luthans and Bandura. OBMOD is the application of reinforcement theory to people in organizational settings. Reinforcement theory says [...]

JOB DESIGN While designing jobs, certain factors need to be taken into consideration to ensure that employees are satisfied with their jobs. According to William Kahn, most previous views of job design take a static view of dynamic organizational involvement. In other words, old theories consider a constant behaviour from employees in terms of their [...]

TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS Most of the interventions for children with anxiety – related disorders have been derived from the psychological paradigm. They can be subsumed under the man headings of play therapy and behavioral therapy. While play therapy was derived specifically for children, the behavioral methods are a subset of the more general behavioral [...]

Memory Long Term Memory Forgotten Memories Exist Nelson (1971) conducted an experiment and indicated that forgotten memories still exist. He had subjects learn 20 number- non paired associates; they studied the list until they reached a criterion of one errorless trial. Subjects returned for a retest two weeks later, recalling 75 percent of the items [...]

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE GOAL SETTING: Goal setting improves performance by directing attention, increasing effort and persistence, and motivating athletes to learn new strategies. Goal setting must be well planned and effective if it is to result in desirable performance results. The following principles should be followed by coaches and athletes in setting effective goals. 1. [...]

HENRY MURRAY’S PERSONOLOGY (CONTINUED) 5-Tension Reduction Murray conceived of the individual as set into action by a complex set of motives. Further, he granted that when a need is aroused the individual is in a state of tension, and satisfaction of the need involves reduction of the tension. Finally, the organism will learn to attend [...]

CAUSES OF MENTAL ILLNESOVERVIEW OF ETIOLOGY The precise causes (etiology) of most mental disorders are not known. But the key word in this statement is precise. The precise causes of most mental disorders—or, indeed, of mental health—may not be known, but the broad forces that shape them are known: these are biological, psychological, and social/cultural [...]

CURRENT ISSUES IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROFESSIONAL REGULATION As clinical psychology grew and the number of practitioners multiplied, issues of professional competence began to arise. How is the public to know who is well trained and who is not? Many people have neither the time, inclination, nor sophistication to distinguish the professional from the charlatan. Professional [...]

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY INTRODUCTION The history of clinical psychology, like that of many fields, is typically presented as a collection of names and dates. It is important to understand the individuals who have shaped the field of clinical psychology and to know when landmark events in the field occurred. Tracing the progression of [...]

Asking users: questionnaires Questionnaires are a well established technique for collecting demographic data and users’ opinions. They are similar to interviews and can have closed or open questions. Effort and skill are needed to ensure that questions are clearly worded and the data collected can be analyzed efficiently. Questionnaires can be used on their own [...]

PERFORM LINEAR COST-VOLUME PROFIT AND BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS USING THE CONTRIBUTION MARGIN APPROACH OBJECTIVES The objectives of the lecture are to learn about: Review Lecture 18 Perform Break-Even Analysis MS EXCEL Financial Functions OBJECTIVES The objectives of the lecture are to learn about: Review Lecture 20 Perform linear cost-volume profit and break-even analysis. Using the contribution [...]

PERFORM BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS EXCEL FUNCTIONS FOR FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES The objectives of the lecture are to learn about: Review Lecture 18 MS EXCEL Financial Functions Perform Break-Even Analysis. LINEAR EQUATIONS Zain purchases the same amount of commodity 1 and 2 each week. After price increases from Rs. 1.10 to Rs. 1.15 per item of commodity [...]

MATHEMATICS OF MERCHANDISING PART 3 OBJECTIVES The objectives of the lecture are to learn about: Review Lecture 14 Financial Mathematics Part 2 PARTIAL PAYMENTS When you buy on credit and have cash discount terms, part of the invoice may be paid within the specified time. These part payments are called Partial Payments. Let us look [...]

MATHEMATICS OF MERCHANDISING OBJECTIVES The objectives of the lecture are to learn about: Review Lecture 12 Solve merchandising pricing problems involving markup and markdown MARKUP Markup is an amount added to a cost price while calculating a selling price. Especially, an amount that takes into account of overhead and profit. Markup can be expressed as: [...]

Applications of Basic Mathematics Part 5 OBJECTIVES The objectives of the lecture are to learn about: Review Lecture 5 Discount Simple and compound interest Average due date, interest on drawings and calendar REVISION LECTURE 5 A chartered bank is lowering the interest rate on its loans from 9% to 7%. What will be the percent [...]

Novatech survey One in every four computers has been physically attacked by its owner, according to a survey. The survey, conducted by British PC manufacturer Novatech, was intended to take a lighthearted look at embarrassing experiences those little technical bloopers that happen even to ubergeeks, like forwarding a personal love letter to an entire office mailing [...]

Applications of Basic Mathematics Part 4 OBJECTIVES The objectives of the lecture are to learn about: Review of Lecture 4 Basic calculations of percentages, salaries and investments using Microsoft Excel PERCENTAGE CHANGE Monday’s Sales were Rs.1000 and grew to Rs. 2500 the next day. Find the percent change. METHOD Change = Final value – initial [...]

COURSE OVERVIEW COURSE TITLE The title of this course is “BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS”. Instructor’s Resume The instructor of the course is Dr. Zahir Fikri who holds a Ph.D. in Electric Power Systems Engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. The title of Dr. Fikri’s thesis was “Statistical Load Forecasting for Distribution Network [...]

ul> Geometric mean Harmonic mean Relation between the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means Some other measures of central tendency GEOMETRIC MEAN: The geometric mean, G, of a set of n positive values X1, X2,…,Xn is defined as the positive nth root of their product. G = X1 X 2…Xn (Where Xi > 0) When n [...]

Applications of Basic Mathematics Part 5 OBJECTIVES The objectives of the lecture are to learn about: • • Discount • Simple and compound interest • Average due date, interest on drawings and calendar REVISION LECTURE 5 A chartered bank is lowering the interest rate on its loans from 9% to 7%. What will be the [...]

Applications of Basic Mathematics Part 4 OBJECTIVES The objectives of the lecture are to learn about: • Basic calculations of percentages, salaries and investments usingMicrosoft Excel PERCENTAGE CHANGE Monday’s Sales were Rs.1000 and grew to Rs. 2500 the next day. Find the percent change. METHOD Change = Final value – initial value Percentage change = [...]

BRAND BASED CUSTOMER MODEL Factor b – Rating buying criteria Rating is all about drawing comparisons with competition. You compare two to three brands and compare them across pre-mentioned characteristics. By assigning weight to all the characteristics, you can arrive at an interesting conclusion where your brand stands in terms of consumer perceptions1. Figure 21 [...]

WAITING LINES Learning Objectives After completing the lecture, we should be able to explain the formation of waiting lines in unloaded systems, identify the goal of queuing ( waiting line) analysis, list the measures of system performance that are used in queuing analysis. We should be able to understand the importance of simulation and at [...]

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT & THE ROLE OF GOVERNACE Governance means the process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented or otherwise? The concept is not new and as old as human civilization. Since governance is the process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented, an analysis of [...]

FORECASTING-III The formula for the moving average is: t-nn-3t3t-22-1t1t +…+ w A+ w A+ w A= w AF wt = weight given to time period “t” occurrence (weights must add to one) w n i=1 i∑ 1= Weighted Moving Average Problem (1) Data Question: Given the weekly demand and weights, what is the forecast for [...]

THE ROLE OF DERIVATIVE ASSETS A Banker and corporate treasure perambulate past in pet shop window and spy a dog for sale. The banker buys it for $5, then sells it to treasure for $10. A few days later, the banker wants it back, so he bids $20. The dog keeps changing hand until the [...]

ASSET PRICING MODEL Contd… Introduction of the Risk-Free Asset: The first assumption of CMT listed above is that investors can borrow and lend at the risk-free rate. Although the introduction of a risk-free asset appears to be a simple step to take in the evolution of portfolio and CMT, it is a very significant step. [...]

ASSET PRICING MODEL Capital Market Theory: Capital market theory is a positive theory in that it hypothesis how investors do behave rather than, how investors should behave, as, in the case of Modem Portfolio Theory (MPT). It is reasonable “to view capital market” theory; as an extension of portfolio theory, but it is important to [...]