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MEASUREMENT OF CONCEPTS (CONTINUED) b. Operationalization Operationalization is the process of linking the conceptual definition to a specific set of measurement techniques or procedures. It links the language of theory with the language of empirical measures. Theory is full of abstract concepts, assumptions, relationships, definitions, and causality. Empirical measures describe how people concretely measure specific [...]

PROBLEM DEFINITION AND RESEARCH PROPOSAL The research process consists of a number of steps. The first step in any research is selecting the topic, which could start from the broad area of interest. There is no set formula for the identification of a topic of research. The best guide is to conduct research on something [...]

Debugging As Benjamin Franklin said, “in this world, nothing is certain but death and taxes.” If you are in the software development business, however, you can amend that statement. Nothing in life is certain except death, taxes, and software bugs. If you cryogenically freeze yourself, you can delay death indefinitely. If you move to a [...]

PRACTICAL STEPS IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT Introduction. 1. The fastly changing world has brought many novel and unknown crises also along-with its blessings. This situation demands that man should also change his attitude and accept the changing realities. a.Crisis management is more significant today than ever before. It needs to be recognized, institutionalized and practiced in [...]

Architectural Views Software architecture defines the high level structure of the software by putting together a number of architectural elements in an organized fashion. These elements are chosen to satisfy the functional as well as non-functional requirements of the system. Perry and Wolfe proposed the following formula for software architecture: Software architecture = {Elements, Forms, [...]

Software and System Architecture Introduction When building a house, the architect, the general contractor, the electrician, the plumber, the interior designer, and the landscaper all have different views of the structure. Although these views are pictured differently, all are inherently related: together, they describe the building’s architecture. The same is true with software architecture. Architectural [...]

LEVELS, TYPES & CAUSES OF CRISES LEVELS OF CRISIS Crises have no limits, no boundaries and no fixed timings. As we have gone through the definitions and concept of crisis, it occurs abruptly, swiftly and un-alarmingly. It does not give enough warning to react or resort to stereo type methods of management. Crises are also [...]

A Software Engineering Framework Any Engineering approach must be founded on organizational commitment to quality. That means the software development organization must have special focus on quality while performing the software engineering activities. Based on this commitment to quality by the organization, a software engineering framework is proposed that is shown in figure 2. The [...]

RESUME & APPLICATION LETTER Chronological Resume Name Address Contact Nos. Objective Experience November 2000 to present . . . September 1998 to November 2000 . . . Education 1996-1998 ___________________________________. 1994-1996 ___________________________________. Personal Details Language and Technical Skills Objective 1. State Over Objectives Experience Organize information chronologically Draws reader’s attention to important point Provide the [...]

BUSINESS REPORTS Parts of a Formal Report : A formal reports manuscript format and impersonal tone convey an impression of professionalism. A format report can be either short (fewer than 10 pages) or long (10 pages or more). It is informational or analytical, direct or indirect. It may be targeted to readers inside or outside [...]

MEMORANDUM & CIRCULAR Purpose of Memo When you wish to write to someone within your own company, you will send a memorandum. Memos are used to communicate with other employees, may be located – whether in the same office, in the same building, or in a branch office many miles away. Because the interoffice memorandum [...]

BASIC ORGANIZATIONAL PLANS Direct (Deductive) Approach When you think that your audience will be interested in what you have to say or willing to cooperate with you, you can use the direct or deductive plan to organize your message. It means your present request or the main idea in the beginning, which follows up necessary [...]

Composing the Messages You have gone through the planning steps. You are ready to compose. Composing is the process of drafting your message. Your first draft is a bit difficult to write. But at least you have brought the most important information on paper. If you have time, look for opportunities to improve your ideas. [...]

THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION & MISCOMMUNICATION Communication is a process of sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages. Communication is considered effective when it achieves the desired reaction or response from the receiver. Communication is a two way process of exchanging ideas or information. The process of communication has six components: sender/encoder, message, medium, receiver/decoder, [...]

FLOW OF COMMUNICATION An organization is a group of people associated for business, political, professional, religious, social, or other purposes. Its activities require human beings to interact and react, that is, to communicate. They exchange information, ideas, plans, order needed supplies and make decisions, rules, proposals, contracts, and agreements. All these activities require one skill, [...]

COMMUNICATION Why study business communication? You may say that communication is important and that you’ll be spending a lot of time doing it. But you’re pretty good at communicating. After all you talk to people, write notes, read books, get along with other people, and make myself understood already. Why should you study communication?” The [...]

Some general guidelines The basic software quality assurance activities cover the review and approval of the development methodology, the software and documentation, and the supervision and approval of testing. Other SQA activities, such as the supervision of reviews, the selection and approval of development tools, or the administration of configuration control, depend on the way [...]

SAFETY RISKS AND HAZARDS / THE RMMM PLAN Risk is not limited to the software project itself. Risks can occur after the software has been successfully developed and delivered to the customer. These risks are typically associated with the consequences of software failure in the field. In the early days of computing, there was reluctance [...]

Mandatory Management task √ 1. Planning √ 2. Preparation or estimates 281 √ 3. Risk analysis and risk management √ 4. Scheduling 5. Staffing Budget analysis and administration √ 7. Personnel management √ 8. Task assignment √ 9. Delegation of authority √ 10. Assignment of development resources Supervision of development equipment maintenance Supervision and control [...]

The statement of work (SOW) The statement of work is the basis of the contract between the pro-poser and the customer, and is often incorporated into the contract. The SOW contains a detailed list of all work to be performed by the pro-poser for the benefit of the customer. It is a narrative description of [...]

TEAM DEVELOPMENT Team development includes both enhancing the ability of stakeholders to contribute as individuals as well as enhancing the ability of the team to function as a team. Individual development (managerial and technical) is the foundation necessary to develop the team. Development as a team is critical to the project’s ability to meet its [...]

ORGANIZATIONAL PLANNING Organizational planning involves identifying, documenting, and assigning project roles, responsibilities, and reporting relationships. Roles, responsibilities, and reporting relationships may be assigned to individuals or to groups. The individuals and groups may be part of the organization performing the project, or they may be external to it. Internal groups are often associated with a [...]

Traditional Structures of Business Organization i. Functional Structure Most business organizations start out with a functional structure, or a small variation of this structure. This is the basic “building block” for other structures. In this structure, there is a central office which oversees various departments or major functions, e.g., human resources, finances, sales, marketing, engineering, [...]

ORGANIZATION Basic Definition Basically, an organization is a group of people intentionally organized to accomplish an overall, common goal or set of goals. Business organizations can range in size from two people to tens of thousands. How you interpret each of the above major parts of an organization depends very much on your values and [...]

Planning Documents You (the PM) need to choose which documents are appropriate. Documents do not have to be lengthy. The requirements phase produces one main product document: • The software requirements specification document And two Project Planning Documents: 1. The Project Development Plan • The Software Test Plan The requirements phase formally concludes with the [...]

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (Contd.) Functions of the Recorder The recorder should keep a record of the content of the discussion as well as emotional reactions and important aspects of group interaction. Assessment of the emotional tone of the meeting and the group process will enable the researcher to judge the validity of the information collected [...]

Planning Process Tasks Scope Planning Scope Definition Activity Definition Activity Sequencing Activity Duration Estimating Resource Planning Cost Estimating Cost Budgeting Risk Planning Schedule Development Quality Planning Communications Planning Organization Planning Staff Acquisition Procurement Planning Project Plan Development 1) Scope Planning — developing a written scope statement as the basis for future project decisions 2) Scope [...]

MEASUREMENT OF CONCEPTS (CONTINUED) b. Operationalization Operationalization is the process of linking the conceptual definition to a specific set of measurement techniques or procedures. It links the language of theory with the language of empirical measures. Theory is full of abstract concepts, assumptions, relationships, definitions, and causality. Empirical measures describe how people concretely measure specific [...]

Leaders and Managers Although it is common to use the terms ‘leader’ and ‘manager’ interchangeably, nowadays many writers point to a difference between the two. The difference is that to function as a leader, a person must exercise influence over another person in the attainment of organizational goals, as described in the definition above. Managerial [...]

Project Management Skills The role of the Leader in project management is one of great responsibility. It’s the project manager’s job to direct and supervise the project from beginning to end. Here are some other roles: (a) Leadership (b) Communications (c) Problem Solving (d) Negotiating (e) Influencing the Organization (f) Mentoring (g) Process and technical [...]