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Recalling from our first course, a software system passes through the following phases: Vision                          – focus on why Definition                   – focus on what Development            – focus on how Maintenance             – focus on change During these phases, a number of activities are performed. A lifecycle model is a series of steps through [...]

2D Transformations I In the previous lectures so far we have discussed output primitive as well as filling primitives. With the help of them we can draw an attractive 2D drawing but that will be static whereas in most of the cases we require moving pictures for example games, animation, and different model; where we [...]

Critique of OSI Model Reasoning for OSI not getting Widespread Bad Timing(slide) (Apocalypse of Two Elephants) –David Clarke of MIT –If standards are written too early: subject is badly understood and bad standards –If standards are written too late so many companies may have already made investments in doing the same thing with different other [...]

Metropolitan Area Networks Designed to extend over an entire city Ü It may be a single network e.g Cable TV Network Or Ü Interconnection of a No. of LANs into a larger network X Example: A company can use a MAN to connect the LANs in all of its offices throughout a city Internetworks a.                   [...]

Standards “A standard provides a model for development that makes it possible for a product to work regardless of the individual manufacturer|” Ü A great deal of coordination and cooperation is required by the devices to communicate Ü A device prepared by a specific manufacturer may not be compatible with the devices prepared by other [...]

Miscellaneous SEQUENCING INTRODUCTION A series, in which a few jobs or tasks are to be performed following an order, is called sequencing. In such a situation, the effectiveness measure (time, cost, distance etc.,) is a function of the order or sequence of performing a series of jobs. Problems of sequencing can be classified into two [...]

Transportation Problems INTRODUCTION Many practical problems in operations research can be broadly formulated as linear programming problems, for which the simplex this is a general method and cannot be used for specific types of problems like, (i)transportation models, (ii)transshipment models and (iii) the assignment models. The above models are also basically allocation models. We can [...]

VITAMIN CONTRIBUTION Vitami n Wheat (mg./oz.) Oats (mg./oz) Rice (mg./oz.) Milligrams Required/Box A 10 20 08 100 D 07 14 12 70 The cost of one ounce of wheat is Rs. 0.4, the cost of an ounce of oats is Rs. 0.6, and the cost of one ounce of rice is Rs. 0.2. Decision Variables [...]

LINEAR PROGRAMMING Linear programming is a mathematical technique designed to aid managers in allocating scarce resources (such as labor, capital, or energy) among competing activities. It reflects, in the form of a model, the organization’s attempt to achieve some objective (frequently, maximizing profit contribution, maximizing rate of return, minimizing cots) in view of limited or [...]

CONSTRUCTION OF A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION In THIS Lecture, we will discuss the frequency distribution of a continuous variable & the graphical ways of representing data pertaining to a continuous variable i.e. histogram, frequency polygon and frequency curve. You will recall that in Lecture No. 1, it was mentioned that a continuous variable takes values over [...]

Background Technology – the application of science to the everyday Physical World – has, on the whole, changed our lives greatly for the better, particularly since the time of Industrial Revolution. Manufacturing industry, which supplies us with and at the same time creates the wealth, which enables other services to exist, owes its existence to [...]

INTERPERSONAL POWER: LEADERSHIP Aims: • To understand main theories and types of leadership in the light of current research. Objectives: To describe main theories of leadership. To discuss different types of leadership. To discuss recent research on gender and leadership. Leadership The leader of a group is the person who has the most impact on [...]

PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR (CONTINUE………) Aims To introduce psychological aspects of prosocial behaviour Objectives Discuss different explanations of helping behavior: Why do we help? Evaluate the Bystander Intervention Model Discuss two psychological processes that can prevent helping Describe Emotional arousal & Cost-Reward Assessments in the process of prosocial behavior Describe the individual variables affecting prosocial behavior: Who [...]

PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR Aims To introduce psychological aspects of prosocial behaviour Objectives Describe different types of helping behaviour Discuss different explanations of helping behavior: Why do we help? Evaluate the Bystander Intervention Model Prosocial Behavior: Chapter Summary This chapter discusses the basics of helping behavior. Altruism is distinguished from prosocial behavior. Several theoretical perspectives on helping [...]

REDUCING AGGRESSION Aims • To introduce different social and psychological strategies to reduce aggression. Objectives • Describe various methods to reduce aggression: punishment, inducing incompatible responses, reducing frustration, and teaching of non aggressive responses Introduction Legal systems throughout the world use punishment to deal with violent criminals. The most common treatment is punishment; ultimate punishment [...]

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A theoretical framework is conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among several factors that have been identified as important to the problem under study. These factors which may also be called as variables may have been identified through such processes as interviews with informants, observations, and [...]

SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH & ITS SPECIAL FEATURES Research produces knowledge which could be used for the solution of problems as well as for the generation of universal theories, principles and laws. But all knowledge is not science. The critical factor that separates scientific knowledge from other ways of acquiring knowledge is that it uses [...]

SUB-SPECIALIZATIONS WITHIN THE BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCES Objectives This would elaborate the characteristics of research in behavioral neuroscience. This would elaborate on the understanding of various sub-specializations within the behavioral neurosciences which contribute to the understanding of brain and behavior relationship and how each relates to the other areas. According to Pinel (2002) the major areas of [...]

Observer Pattern Name Observer Basic intent It is intended to define a many to many relationship between objects so that when one object changes state all its dependants are notified and updated automatically. · Dependence/publish-subscribe mechanism in programming language Smalltalk being the first pure Object Oriented language in which observer pattern was used in implementing [...]

Zero Install As discussed earlier, fat-client architecture posed major challenges in terms of installation and maintenance of the client side of the application, especially when there are large number of client machines. So the idea behind zero install architecture is to develop a system where no installation on the client side is needed. This can [...]

Architectural models Like analysis models, many different kinds of architectural models are developed during the architectural design process. Static structural model shows the major system components while a dynamic process model shows the process structure of the system. Interface models are developed to define sub-system interfaces. Architectural Styles Architectural design may be based upon a [...]

Architectural Views Software architecture defines the high level structure of the software by putting together a number of architectural elements in an organized fashion. These elements are chosen to satisfy the functional as well as non-functional requirements of the system. Perry and Wolfe proposed the following formula for software architecture: Software architecture = {Elements, Forms, [...]

Message Types Sequence diagrams can depict many different types of messages. These are: synchronous or simple, asynchronous, create, and destroy. The following diagram shows the notation and types of arrows used for these different message types. Synchronous Messages Synchronous messages are “call events” and are denoted by the full arrow. They represent nested flow of [...]

Typical Processes Now we shall discuss processes which are typically modeled using data flow diagrams. These processes transform data in one or the other way but these are found in almost all the automated systems. Following are the examples Processes that take inputs and perform certain computations. For example, Calculate Commission is a process that [...]

Logical System Models System models are techniques used to understand user needs and software engineer use these techniques in order to understand business domain. Software engineers develop diagrams to model different business processes. System models include the following User business processes · User activities for conducting the business processes · Processes that need to be [...]

Elaborated Use Cases After the derivation of the use case model, each use is elaborated by adding detail of interaction between the user and the software system. An elaborated use case has the following components: Use Case Name · Implementation Priority: the relative implementation priority of the use case. Actors: names of the actors that [...]

Use Diagram for a Library System As an example, consider the following use case diagram for a library management system. In this diagram, there are four actors namely Book Borrower, Librarian, Browser, and Journal Borrower. In addition to these actors, there are 8 use cases. These use cases are represented by ovals and are enclosed [...]

Assumptions and Dependencies All assumptions that were made when conceiving the project have to be recorded. For example, the management sponsor for the chemical tracking system assumed that it would replace the existing chemical stockroom inventory system and that it would interface to the appropriate purchasing department applications Scope Project scope defines the concept and [...]

RISK AND VALUE OF STOCKS Stocks Risk and the Value of Stocks Theory of Efficient Markets Investing in Stocks for Long Run Stock Markets’ Role in the Economy Financial Intermediation Role of Financial Intermediaries Risk and value of stocks The dividend-discount model must be adjusted to include compensation for a stock’s risk Return to Holding [...]

VALUING STOCKS Valuing Stocks Fundamental Value and Dividend Discount Model Risk and Value of Stocks Valuing Stocks People differ in their opinions of how stocks should be valued Chartists believe that they can predict changes in a stock’s price by looking at patterns in its past price movements Behavioralists estimate the value of stocks based [...]