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ASC 30 walk, for instance, and to find and grasp objects—even though human beings do these things naturally. AI also includes natural language processing—getting computers to understand speech, or at least typewritten input, in a language such as English. In the late 1950s it was expected that computers would soon be programmed to accept natural-language input, [...]

ALGOL ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) a pair of programming languages that had a strong impact on programming language design. The first, ALGOL 60 (developed by an international committee around 1960), was an immediate ancestor of Pascal and introduced many Pascal-like fea- tures that have been adopted by numerous other languages, including: • recursion; • begin and end keywords to allow grouping [...]

Activate 1. to choose a window in which you want to type. This is done by mov- ing the mouse pointer into the window and clicking one button. In some 11 ActiveX operating systems you must click on the window’s title bar. See WINDOW. 2. to start a piece of software by double-clicking on its name or icon. See CLICK; ICON. [...]

Being a concise language, C needs something for its enhancement. So a preprocessor is used to enhance it. It comes with every C compiler. It makes some changes in the code before the compilation. The compiler gets the modified source code file. Normally we can’t see what the preprocessor has included. We have so far [...]

The header file stdlib.h includes functions, used for different conversions. When we get input of a different type other than the type of variable in which the value is being stored, it warrants the need to convert that type into another type. These conversion functions take an argument of a type and return it after [...]

We have four basic data types i.e. char, int, float and double. Character strings are arrays of characters. Suppose, there is a word or name like Amir to store in one entity. We cannot store it into a char variable because it can store only one character. For this purpose, a character array is used. [...]

Declaration and definition are two different things. Declaration is the prototype of the function, that includes the return type, name and argument list to the function and definition is the actual function code. Declaration of a function is also known as signature of a function. As we declare a variable like int x; before using [...]

The declaration syntax of a function is as follows: return-value-type { function-name( argument-list ) declarations and statements }   The first line is the function header and the declaration and statement part is the body of the function. return-value_type: Function may or may not return a value. If a function returns a value, that must [...]

In general, we should minimize the use of break statement in loops. The switch statement is an exception in this regard where it is necessary to use the break statement after every case. Otherwise, there may be a logical error. While writing loops, we should try to execute the loops with the condition test and [...]

There is another statement relating to loops. This is the continue statement. Sometimes we have a lot of code in the body of a loop. The early part of this code is common that is to be executed every time (i.e. in every iteration of loop) and the remaining portion is to be executed in [...]

As we write the code in English and we know that computers can understand only 0s and 1s. So we need a translator which translates the code of our program into machine language. There are two kinds of translators which are known as Interpreter and Compilers. These translators translate our program which is written in [...]

The Steam Elevator The progression from an elevator machine powered by the line shafting of a mill to one in which the power source was independent would appear a simple and direct one. Nevertheless, it was about 40 years after the introduction of the powered elevator before it became common to couple elevator machines directly [...]

Where Watches are Made Courtesy Waltham Watch Co. Once a single man made a whole watch by hand. Now one watch may be the product of a hundred hands, each man doing his particular part. Even though in America the parts of watches are made by machinery, an apprentice has to undergo just as careful [...]

How Books are Made The first step in making ready to print a manuscript is to find out how many words there are in it, what kind of type to use, how much “leading” or space between the lines there shall be, and what shall be the size of the page. In deciding these questions, [...]

The “Hydro” used in laundries for wringing clothes by centrifugal force, has a solid outer casing and an inner perforated cylindrical cage, revolved at high speed by a vertical shaft. The wet clothes are placed in the cage, and the machine is started. The water escapes through the perforations and runs down the side of [...]

The Working of Single Lines We have dealt with the signalling arrangements pertaining to double lines of railway, showing that a system of signals is necessary to prevent a train running into the back of its predecessor. Where trains in both directions pass over a single line, not only has this element of danger to [...]

Railway Signalling The block system—Position of signals—Interlocking the signals—Locking gear—Points—Points and signals in combination—Working the block system—Series of signalling operations—Single line signals—The train staff—Train staff and ticket—Electric train staff system—Interlocking—Signalling operations—Power signalling—Pneumatic signalling—Automatic signalling. Under certain conditions—namely, at sharp curves or in darkness—the most powerful brakes might not avail to prevent a train running into [...]

Telephone Exchanges In a district where a number of telephones are used the subscribers are put into connection with one another through an “exchange,” to which all the wires lead. One wire of each subscriber runs to a common “earth;” the other terminates at a switchboard presided over by an operator. In an exchange used [...]

General Arrangement of a Telephone Circuit In many forms of subscriber’s instruments both receiver and transmitter are mounted on a single handle in such a way as to be conveniently placed for ear and mouth. For the sake of clearness the diagrammatic sketch of a complete installation (Fig. 64) shows them separated. The transmitters, it [...]

The Electric Telegraph Needle instruments—Influence of current on the magnetic needle—Method of reversing the current—Sounding instruments—Telegraphic relays—Recording telegraphs—High-speed telegraphy. Take a small pocket compass and wind several turns of fine insulated wire round the case, over the top and under the bottom. Now lay the compass on a table, and turn it about until the [...]

Compound Engines In the year 1853, John Elder, founder of the shipping firm of Elder and Co., Glasgow, introduced the compound engine for use on ships. The steam, when exhausted from the high-pressure cylinder, passed into another cylinder of equal stroke but larger diameter, where the expansion continued. In modern engines the expansion is extended [...]

Fishtail Palm Design. This is an “all over” design. The unit counts are as follows: from A to B is 33 straws; from B to C is 11; from C to D is 22; from E to F is 35; from E to G is 5. From the corner of the mat, A, on the [...]

Carabao Head Design The distance from A to B is 25 straws; from B to C is 3; from C to D is 23; from D to E is 3; from E to F is 4; from F to G is 11; from G to H is 31; from F to I is 22; from [...]

Rooster Design. The distance from the corner A to B is 13 by 2 or 26 (counts in this design are all double); from B to C is 28 by 2 or 56; from C to D is 5 by 2 or 10; from D to E is 26 by 2 or 52; from E [...]

Carabao, Cart, and Driver Design. The distance from A to B is 32 straws, but it must be woven twice that size, making A B equal 64. All the sizes given below are double the count on the drawings: from A to B is 64; from B to C is 40; from C to D [...]

Chicken Vender Design. The distance from the corner A to B is 15 straws, counting the corner fold as 1. All counts in this design are woven double. Therefore from A to B is 30; from B to C is 17 by 2 or 34; from C to D is 44; from E to G [...]

Casa Design Plate LXXIII. Casa design. The distance from the corner A to B is 22 straws; from B to C is 33; from C to D is 24; and from F to G is 17. Count down from A to B and weave border line around the entire mat. Now count from B to [...]

Man with Bow and Arrow Design. The distance from A to B is 20 straws; from B to C is 2; from C to D is 30; from D to E is 17; from E to F is 66; from F to G is 3; from G to H is 11½; from H to I [...]

Lavandera Design. The distance from A to B is 15 straws; from B to C is 4; from C to D is 40; from D to E is 21; from E to F is 3; from F to G is 4; from G to H is 3; from D to I is 12; from I [...]

. The distance from the corner A to B is 13 straws; from B to C, 2; from C to D, 19; from D to E, 35; from E to F, 17; from C to F, 71; from F to G, 2; from G to H, 19; from M to N, 6; from F to [...]