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Beam Search You just saw how hill climbing procedure works through the search space of a tree. Another procedure called beam search proceeds in a similar manner. Out of n possible choices at any level, beam search follows only the best k of them; k is the parameter which we set and the procedure considers [...]

Simple Search Algorithm Applied to Breadth First Search Breadth First Search explores the breadth of the tree first and progresses downward level by level. Now, we will use the same Simple Search Algorithm to implement BFS by keeping our priority function as P(n) = height (n) As mentioned previously, we will give priority to the [...]

SOCIAL INFLUENCE (CONTINUE……) Aims Introduce the concept of obedience in reference to social influence Objectives Describe the classic studies of obedience Describe factors that influence obedience Obedience Many social influences are hidden and subtly employed. For example, conformity generally refers to complying with an implicit norm. Obedience is different from other types of influences because [...]

THE PARTS OF THE TABLE Give each table a number. Give each table a title, which names variables and provides background information Label the row and columns variables and give name to each of the variable categories. Include the totals of the columns and rows. These are called marginals.They equal the univariate frequency distribution for [...]

DATA TRANSFROMATION Data transformation is the process of changing data from their original form to a format that is more suitable to perform a data analysis that will achieve the research objectives. Researchers often modify thee values of a scalar data or create new variables. For example many researchers believe that response bias will be [...]

RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the data. It is a strategy or blueprint that plans the action for carrying through the research project data. A research design involves a series of rational decision-making choices depending upon the various options available to the [...]

CONCEPTS Things we observe are the observable realities, which could be physical or abstract. For purposes of identification of reality we try to give a name to it. By using the name we communicate with others and over time it becomes part of our language. A concept is a generalized idea about a class of [...]

Basic Neuroanatomy Objectives: These lessons would familiarize the students with • Systems, structure, Cells of the NS Neurons, Types of neurons, axonic and dendritic communications, • Neuronal conduction and functioning, ionic and electrophysiological properties, • Localizing brain areas planes of reference (anterior-posterior etc). • The Brain and the Peripheral systems: Brain: Forebrain, Mid brain, Hind [...]

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Objectives: These lessons would familiarize the students with • The stages of development of the brain and the changes which takes place • Various stages of neuronal development. • Development of the brain: from the fertilization to the various developmental stages in-utero,and postnatally. • Cell differtiation, determination, migration, (inside-out), cell [...]

RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF ASSESSMENT OF BRAIN FUNCTION Objectives: To familiarize the students with The various techniques used to study the brain and its function and structures. Invasive vs. Non- Invasive methods, Stereotaxic surgery. Stereotaxic Atlas used for brain surgery and manipulation, Hislotogical and cytological methods for Cell staining, Radio labelling, Flourescence, autoradiography, Lesioning [...]

INTRODUCTION Objectives: To familiarize the students with study of brain behavior study. To orient them towards its historical and scientific roots. To relate it to other areas of specialization in Psychology. Introduction The mastermind of all our living being is the brain which controls every aspect of behavior from molar to molecular—a universe within the [...]

BASIS OF DECISION MAKING DURING CRISES 1. Identification of Crisis. The first and the foremost step is to identify the crises. Many crises require little more than the event name itself to establish an immediate and common interpretation of the impact. Usually it is far more difficult to understand the gravity of a situation and [...]

DECISION “In most people is little more than awareness of which way the winds of desire blow.” (A Dictionary of Thought by Bagobert D. Runes, Philosophical Library New York) Introduction Decision making is a constant process of our life that has no pauses. At every step of our life, from selection of dinner to driving [...]

Software and System Architecture Introduction When building a house, the architect, the general contractor, the electrician, the plumber, the interior designer, and the landscaper all have different views of the structure. Although these views are pictured differently, all are inherently related: together, they describe the building’s architecture. The same is true with software architecture. Architectural [...]

LEVELS, TYPES & CAUSES OF CRISES LEVELS OF CRISIS Crises have no limits, no boundaries and no fixed timings. As we have gone through the definitions and concept of crisis, it occurs abruptly, swiftly and un-alarmingly. It does not give enough warning to react or resort to stereo type methods of management. Crises are also [...]

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONFLICT AND CRISIS Conflict and crisis are two terms which are used very frequently in political science, as well as, international relations. Many a times students and readers confuse these terms with each other. It must be clear that they are absolutely two different concepts. 1. Conflict. According to “Handbook of conflict resolution” [...]

Typical Processes Now we shall discuss processes which are typically modeled using data flow diagrams. These processes transform data in one or the other way but these are found in almost all the automated systems. Following are the examples Processes that take inputs and perform certain computations. For example, Calculate Commission is a process that [...]

SHIFTS IN POTENTIAL OUTPUT AND REAL BUSINESS CYCLE THEORY Changes in potential output shift the long-run aggregate supply curve At first the shift has no impact on the short-run aggregate supply curve, so inflation and output remain stable But with time, the increase in potential output will mean that current output is now below potential [...]

THE AGGREGATE DEMAND CURVE The slope of the aggregate demand curve tells us how sensitive current output is to a given change in current inflation. The aggregate demand curve will be relatively Flat if current output is very sensitive to inflation (a change in current inflation causes a large movement in current output) Steep if [...]

DERIVING THE MONETARY POLICY REACTION CURVE To ensure that deviations of inflation from the target are only temporary, monetary policymakers respond to change in inflation by changing the real interest rate in the same direction. The monetary policy reaction curve is set so that when current inflation equals target inflation, the real interest rate equals [...]

THE PORTFOLIO DEMAND FOR MONEY Money is just one of many financial instruments that we can hold in our investment portfolios. Expectations that interest rates will change in the future are related to the expected return on a bond and also affect the demand for money. When interest rates are expected to rise, money demand [...]

Assumptions and Dependencies All assumptions that were made when conceiving the project have to be recorded. For example, the management sponsor for the chemical tracking system assumed that it would replace the existing chemical stockroom inventory system and that it would interface to the appropriate purchasing department applications Scope Project scope defines the concept and [...]

Requirement Statement and Requirement Specification Documents Different levels of software requirements are documented in different documents. The two main documents produced during this phase are Requirement Statement and Requirement Specification. They are also called Requirement Definition and Functional Specification and are used to document user requirements and functional requirements respectively. Requirement Statement Characteristics A good [...]

Levels of Software Requirements Software requirements are defined at various levels of detail and granularity. Requirements at different level of detail also mean to serve different purposes. We first look at these different levels and then will try to elaborate the difference between these with the help of different examples. Business Requirements: These are used [...]

Software Engineering as defined by IEEE Let’s look at some of the definitions of software engineering. Software Engineering as defined by IEEE (International institute of Electric and Electronic Engineering). IEEE is an authentic institution regarding the computer related issues. “The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; [...]

BUSINESS REPORTS Letters Reports Letter reports are of two types: Informational Letter Reports Analytical Letter Reports 1. Informational Letter reports include A staff report to financial officer regarding issues concerning personnel turnover in the sales department A report in reply to inquiry about product and services provided by your Company 2. Analytical Letter Reports These [...]

FLOW OF COMMUNICATION An organization is a group of people associated for business, political, professional, religious, social, or other purposes. Its activities require human beings to interact and react, that is, to communicate. They exchange information, ideas, plans, order needed supplies and make decisions, rules, proposals, contracts, and agreements. All these activities require one skill, [...]

POST PURCHASE EVALUATION Understanding: Post Purchase Evaluation Consumer Complaint Behavior Consumer is uncertain of the wisdom of his decision; he rethinks this decision in the post purchase stage Post purchase stage serves to broaden the consumer’s set of experiences stored in the memory. It provides a check on how well he is doing as a [...]

DECISION AND PURCHASE Understanding: Consumer Decision Rules Compensatory Decision Rules Non-Compensatory Decision Rules Conjunctive Decision Rules Disjunctive Decision Rules Lexicographic Decision Rules Output Purchase Behavior Post Purchase Evaluation Beyond the Decision – Consuming and Possession Relationship Marketing Consumer decision rules are the procedures used by consumers to facilitate brand (or other consumption related) choices. These [...]

Mandatory Management task √ 1. Planning √ 2. Preparation or estimates 281 √ 3. Risk analysis and risk management √ 4. Scheduling 5. Staffing Budget analysis and administration √ 7. Personnel management √ 8. Task assignment √ 9. Delegation of authority √ 10. Assignment of development resources Supervision of development equipment maintenance Supervision and control [...]