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DEFINITIONS & CONCEPTS 1. An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, 1921. a. Origin/Etymology. (1). “decide. F. décider, L. decidere, decis-, from caedere, to cut. Cf. F. trancher la question, tocome to a “decision”. (2). Late Medieval English: from Latin decisio; a cutting off. The ability to make quick anddefinite decisions. 2. The Grolier International Dictionary, [...]

CONCLUSION After going through all the above sited definitions following three points clearly come out. 1. Definitions keep going through changes, alterations, modifications and even they are rendered obsolete and totally replaced by new definitions. This phenomenon is a continuous process, consequent to changes in the development process of the world. 2. The terms also [...]

INTRODUCTION Life and crisis were born together and they will live together, till the last sunset. The concept of crisis was born with man, however, its evolution, development and connotations have frequently changed and its horizontal, as well as, vertical expansions and applications are extending day by day, with a fast speed. Manifold and multidimensional [...]

MEETING THE CHALLENGE: CREATING A SUCCESSFUL CENTRAL BANK The boom in the past decade with its associated decrease in volatility may have happened because technology sparked a boom just as central banks became better at their jobs. Policymakers realized that sustainable growth had gone up, so interest rates could be kept low without worrying about [...]

Difference between Computer Science and Software Engineering The science concerned with putting scientific knowledge to practical use. Webster’s Dictionary There are many engineering fields like electrical, mechanical and civil engineering. All these branches of engineering are based on physics. Physics itself is not engineering but the use of physics in making buildings, electronic devices and [...]

Reactive VS. Proactive Risk Strategies Reactive strategies have been laughingly called the “Indiana Jones School of risk management” [THO92]. In the movies that carried his name, Indiana Jones, when faced with overwhelming difficulty, would invariably say, “Don’t worry, I’ll think of something!” Never worrying about problems until they happened, Indy would react in some heroic [...]

RISK REFINEMENT During early stages of project planning, a risk may be stated quite generally. As time passes and more is learned about the project and the risk, it may be possible to refine the risk into a set of more detailed risks, each somewhat easier to mitigate, monitor, and manage. One way to do [...]

PROBLEM RECOGNITION, SEARCH AND EVALUATION AND DECISION AND PURCHASE Understanding: Problem Recognition Search and Evaluation Sources of Information for Consumers Types of Search Problem recognition results when a consumer recognizes a difference of sufficient magnitude between what is perceived as the desired state of affairs and what is the actual state of affairs, enough to [...]

ATTITUDE FORMATION AND CHANGE CHAPTER 5: INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Understanding: Attitude Formation Attitude Change How do people, especially young people form their initial general attitudes towards clothing they wear, e.g. casual wear, and business attire? How do they form attitudes towards certain brands of clothing? How do friends and family members come to [...]

Tools and Techniques for SDP Project planning methodology. A project planning methodology is any structured approach used to guide the project team during development of the project plan. It may be as simple as standard forms and templates (whether paper or electronic, formal or informal) or as complex as a series of required simulations (e.g., [...]

Inputs to SDP Project plan development uses the outputs of the other planning processes, including strategic planning, to create a consistent, coherent document that can be used to guide both project execution and project control. This process is almost always iterated several times. For example, the initial draft may include generic resource requirements and an [...]

The Software Development Plan (SDP) The project development plan is one of the first formal documents produced by the project. Within this document, the project manager describes in detail: How the project will be developed? What resources will be required? How these resources will be used? The project development plan assures that the development of [...]

Managing Processes ⇒ Managing the Project Plan Preparing it project plan for a software project helps you ensure that the specified requirements and objectives are met successfully. It is a collation of all planning activities that have happened for a software project. This includes activities such as design and analysis, activity definition, risk planning, and [...]

Organizational Issues and Project Management Organizational issues have a deep influence on a software project, its progress, and the role of the project manager. The policies of an organization can affect the way the organization handles the customer, different types of technologies, and different software projects. The organizational issues that can influence a software project [...]

PM’s nine Knowledge Areas 1. Project Integration Management Project Integration Management includes the processes required to ensure that the various elements of the project are properly coordinated. It involves making tradeoffs among competing objectives and alternatives to meet or exceed stakeholder needs. These processes interact with each other and with the processes in the other [...]

Costs and Cost Management Project Cost Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project is completed within the approved budget. Resource Planning—determining what resources (people, equipment, materials and what quantities of each should be used to perform project activities. Cost Estimating—developing an approximation (estimate) of the costs of the resources needed to complete [...]

REVIEW OF LITERATURE A literature review is based on the assumption that knowledge accumulates and that we learn from and build on what others have done. Scientific research is a collective effort of many researchers who share their results with one another and who pursue knowledge as a community. Today’s studies build on those of [...]

Project Characteristics 1. Temporary Temporary means that every project has a definite beginning and a definite end. The end is reached when the project’s objectives have been achieved, or it becomes clear that the project objectives will not or cannot be met, or the need for the project no longer exists and the project is [...]

Examples of projects include Developing a new product or service. Effecting a change in structure, staffing, or style of an organization. Designing a new transportation vehicle. Developing or acquiring a new or modified information system. Constructing a building or facility. Building a water system for a community in a developing country. Running a campaign for [...]

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH Research comes in many shapes and sizes. Before a researcher begins to conduct a study, he or she must decide on a specific type of research. Good researchers understand the advantages and disadvantages of each type, although most end up specializing in one. For classification of research we shall look from four [...]

SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH & ITS SPECIAL FEATURES Research produces knowledge which could be used for the solution of problems as well as for the generation of universal theories, principles and laws. But all knowledge is not science. The critical factor that separates scientific knowledge from other ways of acquiring knowledge is that it uses [...]

INTRODUCTION, DEFINITION & VALUE OF RESEARCH Whether we are aware of it or not, we are surrounded by research. Educators, administrators, government officials, business leaders, human service providers, health care professionals, regularly use social research findings in their jobs. Social research can be used to raise children, reduce crime, improve public health, sell products, improve [...]

ETHICS AND MORALITY IN ISLAM One of the most important aspects of a Muslim’s life is for him to have a high standard of morals. The Islamic system of Morality is known as “Tassawuf” literally means to wear the dress of or to be Sufi. The Islamic system of Morality circumambulates round the purification of [...]

INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF ETHICS In our general discussions and daily life routine, we listen and use many times remarks such as, this is good, this is wrong, this is bad, this is very good, Mr so and so has good behavior whereas others have not this. Now the point is that on which basis [...]

INTEGRATION WITH ERP SYSTEMS Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a concept that integrates all aspects of a business e.g, accounting, logistics, manufacturing, marketing, planning, project management etc. at a single place. An ERP system such as SAP is expensive. E-commerce sites/software has to fully integrate with ERP software, wherever it is used. [...]

QUALITIES OF GOOD WRITING 2. Be complete: include all the necessary facts and background information to support the message you are communicating. Partial instructions would not work if we were to survive. Our captain had to make sure we saw the complete picture. Check: Have you given all the facts? Have you covered the essentials? [...]

QUALITIES OF GOOD WRITERS Good writers have two things in common: they would rather be understood than admired, and they do not write for hairsplitting and hypercritical readers. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), The qualities of a second-rate writer can easily be defined, but a first-rate writer can only be experienced. It is just the thing in [...]

INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISTIC WRITING “The invention of writing is probably the most important tool for human advancement, making it possible for each new generation to build upon the work of the previous, to transmit knowledge from person to person, across cultures and time.“ Donald Norman – Stanford University You must be ready to learn from [...]

BEHAVIORISM One of the greatest developments in the history of mankind is the industrial revolution of the 18th century. It marked the advent of a completely new era of thinking and approach towards gaining knowledge. A rational approach was adopted and the ancient speculative methods given by the Greeks were rejected. The industrial revolution had [...]

ASSOCIATIONISTS David Hume The third British Associationist was David Hume who was born in 1711 AD and died in 1776 AD. He was a philosopher and a historian. Educated at Edinburgh, Scotland he lived in France, where he finished his first philosophical work, A Treatise of Human Nature. David Hume followed the Lockean viewpoint in [...]