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Initiating Process ⇒ Inputs Product Description Strategic Plan Selection Criteria Historical Information ⇒ Outputs Project Charter Project Manager assignments Constraints Assumptions ⇒ Tools and Techniques Project selection methods Expert judgment The tasks performed for project initiation are mentioned below: Requirement gathering: The first task is to gather the customer requirements. Customer requirements may be spoken [...]

Problems in Software Projects Software projects are similar to traditional projects in the sense that the same types of problems affect them both. However, the difference in managing these problems lies in the approach that you take to the specific issue. For example, a technology-related problem for a software project might be the low degree [...]

Project Management Myths In most cases, you learn the skills required to manage a software project while on the job. As a result, most software project managers practice a lot of management techniques that are of doubtful authenticity. Many software project managers learn about the so-called management skills and concepts that are actually myths. ⇒ [...]

Project Execution ⇒ Product Implementation Product implementation activities involve defining processes related to the implementation of the software product at the customer site. Some of the tasks that you perform for product implementation are mentioned below: Implementation plan creation: An implementation plan defines the duration of implementation and the hard and software perquisites for implementing [...]

Project Execution You already learned in the beginning of the chapter that a software project is divided into different phases. This division is done on the basis of the activities performed in each phase. Similarly, project management activities are also arranged in phases. As a project manager, you perform the activities that map to each [...]

Phases of a Software project And SDLC Models Each phase represents the development of either a part of the software product or something associated with the software project, such as user manual or testing. Each phase is composed of various activities. You can consider a phase complete when all activities are complete. A phase is [...]

Trade-Off Triangle Good project management deals with three factors: time, cost and performance. Projects are successful if they are completed on time, within budget, and to performance requirements. In order to bring the many components of a large project into control there is a large toolkit of techniques, methodologies, and tools. These techniques provide the [...]

Costs and Cost Management Project Cost Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project is completed within the approved budget. Resource Planning—determining what resources (people, equipment, materials and what quantities of each should be used to perform project activities. Cost Estimating—developing an approximation (estimate) of the costs of the resources needed to complete [...]

Project Dimensions ⇒ Product and Technology – The 80:20, rule was originated by Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist who studies the distribution of wealth in a variety of countries around 1900. He discovered a common phenomenon: about 80% of the wealth in most countries was controlled by a consistent minority — about 20% of the [...]

Four Project Dimensions Software project management is an umbrella activity within software engineering. It begins before any technical activity is initiated and continues throughout the definition, development, and support of computer software. Four P’s have a substantial influence on software project management- people, product, process, and project. People must be organized into effective teams, motivated [...]

SUPPLY CHAIN Supply chain includes all the activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods from the raw materials stage all the way to the end user. Supply chain can be broken into three parts, that is, upstream activities, internal activities and downstream activities. Upstream activities relate to materials/services or the input from suppliers [...]

COMMUNICATION Why we study business communication? You may say that communication is important and that you spend a lot of time doing it. But you’re pretty good at communicating. After all you talk to people, write notes, read books, get along with other people, and make myself understood already. Why should you study communication?” The [...]

CONFIDENCE AND SUPPORT There are two terms/measures used in association, that is, support and confidence. Confidence’ is a measure of how often the relationship holds true e.g, what percentage of time did people who bought milk also bought eggs. Support means what is the percentage of two items occurring together overall. Mathematically, they can be [...]

META INFORMATION You know that a Meta tag contains the key information of a web page. This Meta information is used by a search engine to locate and rank the web site. You provide your Meta information to a search engine, pay its prescribed registration fee and get your site registered with the search engine. [...]

E-MAIL MARKETING E-mail marketing campaigns are cheap and effective way to target potential customers. E-mails can instantaneously convey a marketing message to customers at distant areas. Personalized direct e-mails target customers with specific information – name, right product at the right time, special promotions etc. When your e-business is doing global marketing, e-mails can be [...]

E-BUSINESS REVENUE MODELS Experts have identified following revenue models on the web: Web Catalogue Revenue Model Though the goal of an e-business can be to reduce cost or improve customer service, however, the primary aim of most e-commerce sites is to generate revenue and earn profit. This is the most simple and common type of [...]

E-BUSINESS Advantages of E-business Some advantages of an e-business are given as under: Personalized service Product, place, price and promotion are generally recognized as the 4 P’s of marketing in relation to traditional offline businesses. However, personalization is the 5th ‘P’ added to the other 4 P’s when we talk about an e-business. In fact, [...]

SECURE SOCKET LAYER (SSL) SSL is a protocol developed by Netscape Communications. SSL is built into many browsers. It operates at the TCP/IP layer of the OSI model, and uses a combination of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. If there appears the word “https” in a URL, (e.g, https://www.microsoft.com) it indicates that the web server hosting [...]

CLIENT AND SERVER SIDE PROCESSING OF DATA You are now familiar with the fact that internet presents a two-way communication model, also called the Client-Server Model as shown in Fig. 1 below. In the client server model some data is processed on the client side and certain data is processed by the server on the [...]

Course Project This will be a group project, consisting of not more than three students per group. Two Parts Part-I outline given in 1st lecture. (about coding) Part-II briefly mentioned in 33rd lecture. (about planning and req definition) Objective: Give a head-start by identifying the work in advance. Approach: Combine both parts. The course project [...]

DQM: Quantifying Data Quality Background How good is a company’s data quality? Answering this question requires usable data quality metrics. Studies have confirmed data quality is a multi-dimensional concept. Companies must deal with both the subjective perceptions of the individuals involved with the data, and the objective measurements based on the data set in question. [...]

Introduction to Data Quality Management (DQM) What is Quality? Informally Some things are better than others i.e. they are of higher quality. How much “better” is better? Is the right item the best item to purchase? How about after the purchase? What is quality of service? The bank example The best way to look at [...]

Issues of Dimensional Modeling Step 3: Additive vs. Non-Additive facts • Additive facts are easy to work with Summing the fact value gives meaningful results Additive facts: Quantity sold Total Rs. sales Non-additive facts: Averages (average sales price, unit price) Percentages (% discount) Ratios (gross margin) Count of distinct products sold Month Crates of Bottles [...]

Introduction to Data Ware Housing–Part V Types and Typical Applications of DWH Financial DWH • First data warehouse that an organization builds. This is appealing because: Nerve center, easy to get attention. In most organizations, smallest data set. Touches all aspects of an organization, with a common denomination i.e. money. Inherent structure of data directly [...]

Introduction to Data Ware Housing–Part IV Does not follows the traditional development model Requirements gathering   Implement warehouse Analysis   Integrate data Design   Test for biasness Programming   Program w.r.t data Testing   Design DSS system Integration   Analyze results Implementation   Understand requirement Figure-4.1: Comparison of SDLC & CLDS Operational environment is created [...]

Introduction to Data Ware Housing – Part II Why a Data Warehouse (DWH)? Moore’s law on increase in performance of CPUs and decrease in cost has been surpassed by the increase in storage space and decrease in cost. Meaning, it is true that the cost of CPUs is going down and the performance is going [...]

Four Project Dimensions Software project management is an umbrella activity within software engineering. It begins before any technical activity is initiated and continues throughout the definition, development, and support of computer software. Four P’s have a substantial influence on software project management- people, product, process, and project. People must be organized into effective teams, motivated [...]

IP ROUTING (Part-3) ROUTES AND DATA TRAFFIC: Each ISP is an autonomous system that uses an Exterior Gateway Protocol to advertise its customer’s networks to other ISPs. After an ISP advertises destination D, datagram destined for D can begin to arrive. The flow of routers and data is illustrated with ISPs. After a router in [...]

IP SUBNETING SUBNETS AND CLASSLESS ADDRESSING: As the Internet grew, the original Classful addressing scheme became a limitation. The IP address space was being exhausted because all networks had to choose one of three possible sizes. Many addresses were unused. Two new mechanisms were invented to overcome the limitations, which are as follows: Subnet addressing [...]

Object Oriented Analysis and Design There are some terms important to explaining the concept object oriented analysis and design. Object An object can be defined as “A concept, abstraction, or thing with crisp boundaries and meaning of the problem at hand. Objects serve two purposes, they promote understanding of the real world and provide a [...]