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A concept similar to software reengineering is of business process reengineering (BPR). A business process is “a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business outcome”. It is the way certain business is conducted. Purchasing services and supplies, hiring new employees, paying suppliers are examples of business processes. For BPR the following [...]

Let us now apply the principles studied above to develop a plan for a concept development project.  In this case the potential for new technology or new business idea is explored. Since it is a concept development project, the applicability is not certain but it appears to be useful and hence needs to be explored. [...]

Differentiating RETs from ILFs and EIFs is one of the most activities in FP analysis. Different concepts regarding entities play a pivotal role in this regards. Let us therefore understand what an entity is and what different types of entities are. Entity An entity is defined by different people as follows: A thing that can [...]

Vectors Another important mathematical concept used in graphics is the Vector. If P1 = (x1, y1, z1) is the starting point and P2 = (x2, y2, z2) is the ending point, then the vector V = (x2 – x1, y2 – y1, z2 – z1) andifP= (x,y,z)is thestartingpointandP1= (x,y,z) istheending 2 222111 point,thenthevector V = [...]

Error Correction And Detection Method ¬ CHECKSUM a.                   Error detection method used by the Higher Layers b.                   Like VRC, LRC, CRC, Checksum is also based on the concept of redundancy One’s Complement Finding one’s complement – Invert every 1 to 0 and 0 to 1 – A and –A are one’s complement of each other [...]

IASB’s Framework (Contd) Elements of Financial Statements The transactions and other events are grouped together in broad classes and in this way their financial effects are shown in the financial statements. These broad classes are the elements of financial statements. The framework lays out these elements as follows. • Measurement of financial position in the [...]

ADDITION LAW If A and B are any two events defined in a sample space S, then P(A∪B) =P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) In words, this law may be stated as follows: “If two events A and B are not mutually exclusive, then the probability that at least one of them occurs, is given by [...]

COUNTING RULES Permutations Combinations Random Experiment Sample Space Events Mutually Exclusive Events Exhaustive Events Equally Likely Events COUNTING RULES As discussed in the last lecture, there are certain rules that facilitate the calculations of probabilities in certain situations. They are known as counting rules and include concepts of; Multiple Choice Permutations • Combinations We have [...]

PEARSON’S COEFFICIENT OF SKEWNESS 3 (mean − median ) =standard deviation As you can see, this coefficient involves the calculation of the mean as well as the standard deviation. Actually, the numerator is divided by the standard deviation in order to obtain a pure number. If the analysis of a dataset is being undertaken using [...]

MEAN DEVIATION ∑|d | i M.D. = n As we are averaging the absolute deviations of the observations from their mean, therefore the complete name of this measure is mean absolute deviation but generally we just say “mean deviation”. Applying this formula in our example, we find that, the mean deviation of the number of [...]

CONCEPT OF DISPERSION Let us begin the concept of DISPERSION. Just as variable series differ with respect to their location on the horizontal axis (having different ‘average’ values); similarly, they differ in terms of the amount of variability which they exhibit. Let us understand this point with the help of an example: EXAMPLE In a [...]

MEDIAN IN CASE OF A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF A CONTINUOUS VARIABLE In case of a frequency distribution, the median is given by the formula ~ h  n X =l +  −c  f 2 Where l =lower class boundary of the median class (i.e. that class for which the cumulative frequency is just in excess of [...]

DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF THE MODE • The mode is easily understood and easily ascertained in case of a discrete frequency distribution. • It is not affected by a few very high or low values. The question arises, “When should we use the mode?” The answer to this question is that the mode is a valuable [...]

CONSTRUCTION OF A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION In THIS Lecture, we will discuss the frequency distribution of a continuous variable & the graphical ways of representing data pertaining to a continuous variable i.e. histogram, frequency polygon and frequency curve. You will recall that in Lecture No. 1, it was mentioned that a continuous variable takes values over [...]

GROUP BEHAVIOR (CONTINUE……….) David Dodd’s Exercise relevant to previous lecture # 40 David David Dodd describes a highly effective and entertaining exercise that illustrates the concept of deindividuation. According to Dodd, the object of this exercise is to demonstrate that even normal, well-adjusted college students are capable of deviant, antisocial behavior given the right situational [...]

INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS Aims To introduce the concept of intimate relationships, attachment styles and later adult relationships Objectives To discuss what is intimacy? To describe how self concepts of important others are manifested in one’s own self schemas To discuss attachment as an adaptive response To describe link between different attachment styles & later adult relationships: [...]

ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR Aims: Introducing the concept of relationship between attitude and behavior. Objectives Describe models of the relationship between attitudes and behavior Understanding factors determining link between attitude and behavior. The Attitude-Behaviour Relationship During the 1970s a crisis of “confidence” in the attitude concept developed as a result of weak relationship between attitude and [...]

ATTITUDES Aims To introduce the concept of attitudes, components, and ways of assessment. Objectives To discuss definition of an attitude and its components To describe direct and indirect methods of assessing attitudes. Discussion about new section “Evaluating Persons and Relationships” of study in Social Psychology Since with the study of Attitudes, a new section is [...]

MEASUREMENT OF CONCEPTS (CONTINUED) b. Operationalization Operationalization is the process of linking the conceptual definition to a specific set of measurement techniques or procedures. It links the language of theory with the language of empirical measures. Theory is full of abstract concepts, assumptions, relationships, definitions, and causality. Empirical measures describe how people concretely measure specific [...]

CONCEPTS Things we observe are the observable realities, which could be physical or abstract. For purposes of identification of reality we try to give a name to it. By using the name we communicate with others and over time it becomes part of our language. A concept is a generalized idea about a class of [...]

ATTITUDES Aims To introduce the concept of attitudes, components, and ways of assessment. Objectives • To discuss definition of an attitude and its components • To describe direct and indirect methods of assessing attitudes. Discussion about new section “Evaluating Persons and Relationships” of study in Social Psychology Since with the study of Attitudes, a new [...]

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Objective To familiarize the students with: Various stages of neuronal development. Development of the brain: from the fertilization to the various developmental stages in-utero, and postnatally. Cell migration, (inside-out), cell competition, Cell death, growth Cones, Nerve growth Factor and its role, Influences in growth and development of the brain Intrauterine [...]

EVOLUTIONARY AND GENETIC BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR Objective: To understand The Brain behavior relationships from the perspectives of biological systems. The concepts of theory of evolution and its developmental process. Evolution of the homosapien and to understand brain development and behavior changes. Where is the genetic programming of behavior ( if any) and what are the [...]

Software Verification and Validation Software Testing To understand the concept of software testing correctly, we need to understand a few related concepts. Software verification and validation Verification and validation are the processes in which we check a product against its specifications and the expectations of the users who will be using it. According to a [...]

TYPES OF CRISES Although there is no hard and fast rule to categorise types of crises yet, they can be generally categorised as given below. This division helps us in understanding the concept in a better way. Social Crises. Man is a social animal and he is mired in the race to distinguish his superiority [...]

LEVELS, TYPES & CAUSES OF CRISES LEVELS OF CRISIS Crises have no limits, no boundaries and no fixed timings. As we have gone through the definitions and concept of crisis, it occurs abruptly, swiftly and un-alarmingly. It does not give enough warning to react or resort to stereo type methods of management. Crises are also [...]

CONCLUSION After going through all the above sited definitions following three points clearly come out. 1. Definitions keep going through changes, alterations, modifications and even they are rendered obsolete and totally replaced by new definitions. This phenomenon is a continuous process, consequent to changes in the development process of the world. 2. The terms also [...]

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONFLICT AND CRISIS Conflict and crisis are two terms which are used very frequently in political science, as well as, international relations. Many a times students and readers confuse these terms with each other. It must be clear that they are absolutely two different concepts. 1. Conflict. According to “Handbook of conflict resolution” [...]

Coupling and Cohesion Coupling is a measure of independence of a module or component. Loose coupling means that different system components have loose or less reliance upon each other. Hence, changes in one component would have a limited affect on other components. Strong cohesion implies that all parts of a component should have a close [...]

INTRODUCTION Life and crisis were born together and they will live together, till the last sunset. The concept of crisis was born with man, however, its evolution, development and connotations have frequently changed and its horizontal, as well as, vertical expansions and applications are extending day by day, with a fast speed. Manifold and multidimensional [...]