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Example: Consider a silicon diode with n =1.5. Find the change in voltage if the current changes from 0.1mA to 10mA. Solution: i = Is ev/nVT I1 =Is ev1/nVT I2 = Is ev2/nVT I1/I2 = e(v1 –v2)nVT v 1–v2 = nVTln(I1/I2) here, VT= 25 mV = 1.5 x25 ln( 10/0.1) so change in the voltage [...]

The fact that arrays and classes are really pointers in Java can lead to some problems. Here is a simple assignment that causes aliasing: int [] A = new int [4]; Int [] B = new int [2]; This is depicted as below: Now, when we say: A[0] = 5; We get the following: Now [...]

A concept similar to software reengineering is of business process reengineering (BPR). A business process is “a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business outcome”. It is the way certain business is conducted. Purchasing services and supplies, hiring new employees, paying suppliers are examples of business processes. For BPR the following [...]

CM standards CM should always be based on a set of standards which are applied within an organisation. Standards should define how items are identified, how changes are controlled and how new versions are managed. Standards may be based on external CM standards (e.g. IEEE standard for CM ANSI/IEEE Std. No. 828-1983, 1042-1987, 1028-1988). Existing [...]

As defined by CMM, the purpose of SCM is to establish and maintain the integrity or software products through the project’s life cycle. Configuration management is concerned with managing evolving software systems. It acknowledges that system change is a team activity and thus it aims to control the costs and effort involved in making changes [...]

You may recall that software configuration management (SCM) is one of the five KPA required for an organization to be at CMM level 2. That means, according to SEI, effective project management is not possible without having a proper SCM function in place. The basic idea behind SCM is to manage and control change. As [...]

Same process metrics vary from project to project. We have to determine whether the trend is statistically valid or not. We also need to determine what changes are meaningful. A graphical technique known as control charts is used to determine this. This technique was initially developed for manufacturing processes in the 1920’s by Walter Shewart [...]

As mentioned earlier, the quality of the software specification is of extreme importance as the entire building of software is built on this foundation. A requirement specification document is measured in terms of lack of ambiguity, completeness, consistency, correctness; understand ability, verifiability, achievability, concision, traceability, modifiability, precision, and reusability. Metrics to assess the quality of [...]

Gilb extends McCall’s idea and proposes that the quality can be measured if we measure the correctness, maintainability, integrity, and usability of the product. Correctness is defined as the degree to which software performs its function. It can be measured in defects/KLOC or defects/FP where defects are defined as verified lack of conformance to requirements. [...]

Recalling from our first course, a software system passes through the following phases: Vision                          – focus on why Definition                   – focus on what Development            – focus on how Maintenance             – focus on change During these phases, a number of activities are performed. A lifecycle model is a series of steps through [...]

A software process is a road map that helps you create a timely, high quality result. It is the way we produce software and it provides stability and control. Each process defines certain deliverables known as the work products. These include programs, documents, and data produced as a consequence of the software engineering activities. Process [...]

2D Transformations I In the previous lectures so far we have discussed output primitive as well as filling primitives. With the help of them we can draw an attractive 2D drawing but that will be static whereas in most of the cases we require moving pictures for example games, animation, and different model; where we [...]

Rotation of Axes Note that in the sections at right dealing with the ellipse, hyperbola, and the parabola, the algebraic equations that appeared did not contain a term of the form xy. However, in our “Algebraic View of the Conic Sections,” we stated that every conic section is of the form where A, B, C, [...]

Parabola A parabola is the set of all points (x, y) that are the same distance from a fixed line (called the directrix) and a fixed point (focus) not on the directrix. See figure for the view of a parabola and its related focus and directrix. Note that the graph of a parabola is similar [...]

Hyperbola We begin this section with the definition of a hyperbola. A hyperbola is the set of all points (x, y) in the plane the difference of whose distances from two fixed points is some constant. The two fixed points are called the foci. Each hyperbola consists of two branches. The line segment; which connects [...]

Undoing Changes The following chapters explain how to use the TuneUpRescueCenter tool to undo changes that you made with TuneUpUtilities. You can also use TuneUpRescueCenter to perform system recoveries, i.e. undo changes that you did not make with TuneUpUtilities. Undoing Changes -Introduction Since you can make comprehensive changes and edits to your system with TuneUpUtilities, [...]

System Elements Introduction In this category you can swap typical Windows icons for new ones. Here’s how it works: 1.        To launch the TuneUpStyler tool, in the Start Center under CustomizeWindows, select All functions followed by PersonalizeWindows appearance. 2.        In the navigation bar in the left window area, click under Icons on System elements. TuneUpStyler [...]

Another Way to look at Frequency a.                   Measurement of the rate of change b.                   The rate at which a sine wave moves from its lowest to its highest point is its frequency c.                   A 40 Hz signal has half the frequency of a 80 Hz signal, therefore each cycle takes twice as long to complete [...]

Changes in Accounting Policies – IAS 8, Errors and Cash Flows In the last lecture we started our discussion on IAS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. Following portion of the IAS was covered in the last lecture: a. Selection and application of accounting policies b. Consistent application of accounting policies c. [...]

Statement of Changes in Equity, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors Statement of Changes in Equity – IAS 1 1. Statement of changes in equity shows the movement in the elements of equity during the reporting period. 2. An entity shall present a statement of changes in equity showing on the face of [...]

Attitude Change (Continued……….) Aims Introduce the concept of attitude change Objectives Describe content (communication) and audience (target) variables that influence the effectiveness of persuasive messages Describe central and peripheral routes of persuasion and their effect on attitude strength. Message variables: What is the content? In this section we will study that what makes a message [...]

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (Cont.) Validity in Experiments Experiments are judged by two measures. The first, internal validity indicates whether the independent variable was the sole cause of the change in the dependent variable. It implies the researcher’s ability to eliminate alternative explanations of the dependent variable. Variables, other than the treatment, that affect the dependent variable [...]

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Experimental research builds on the principles of positivist approach more directly than do the other research techniques. Researchers in the natural sciences (e.g. chemistry and physics), related applied fields (e.g. engineering, agriculture, and medicines) and the social sciences conduct experiments. The logic that guides an experiment on plant growth in biology or testing [...]

ATTITUDES Aims To introduce the concept of attitudes, components, and ways of assessment. Objectives To discuss definition of an attitude and its components To describe direct and indirect methods of assessing attitudes. Discussion about new section “Evaluating Persons and Relationships” of study in Social Psychology Since with the study of Attitudes, a new section is [...]

RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the data. It is a strategy or blueprint that plans the action for carrying through the research project data. A research design involves a series of rational decision-making choices depending upon the various options available to the [...]

ATTITUDES Aims To introduce the concept of attitudes, components, and ways of assessment. Objectives • To discuss definition of an attitude and its components • To describe direct and indirect methods of assessing attitudes. Discussion about new section “Evaluating Persons and Relationships” of study in Social Psychology Since with the study of Attitudes, a new [...]

Synchronization Objects A synchronization object is an object whose handle can be specified in one of the wait functions to coordinate the execution of multiple threads. More than one process can have a handle to the same synchronization object, making interprocess synchronization possible. The following object types are provided exclusively for synchronization. Type Description Event [...]

Windows Common Dialogs In our previous lecture, we have viewed common dialogs and in this lecture we will learn to use them. Following are the Windows common dialog names and the functions that create these common dialogs. Choose color: o For creating the color dialog we use function ChooseColor(&CHOOSCOLOR). This function inputs CHOOSCOLOR structure and [...]

Basic Neuroanatomy Objectives: The student would learn about the ionic and molecular movement of the neurons and how the electrophysiological properties of neurons change • Systems, structure, Cells of the NS Neurons, Types of neurons, axonic and dendritic communications, • Neuronal conduction and functioning, ionic and electrophysiological properties, • Localizing brain areas planes of reference [...]

EVOLUTIONARY AND GENETIC BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR Objective: The concepts of evolution and its developmental process. Evolution of the homosapien to understand brain development and behavior changes as they evolved. Important developments of Homosapien development Stereoscopic vision Vision for seeing depth is more specialized. This reduced dependence on smell ( early mammalians developed smell as a [...]