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Study of the mechanical properties of a material is concerned mostly with its behavior in relation to stresses and strains, and the factors affecting this behavior. A stress is a distributed force and may be defined as the mutual action (1) of one body upon another, or (2) of one part of a body upon [...]

English literature is the literature written in the English language, including literary works in English by writers not just from England but also from other countries. The famous writer Joseph Conrad was born in Poland, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, V.S. Naipaul was [...]

Literature is defined as: “Written works, e.g. fiction, poetry, drama, and criticism that are recognized as having important or permanent artistic value are referred to as literature.’ Or ‘The body of written works of a culture, language, people, or period of time is called literature.” Literature perhaps started with man discovering his ability to create. [...]

Counter-Controlled Loops Design Issues 1. What is the type and scope of the loop variable? 2. What is the value of the loop variable at loop termination? 3. Should it be legal for the loop variable or loop parameters to be changed in the loop body, and if so, does the change affect loop control? [...]

The <script> Tag The <script> tag (<script>….</script>) in all major browsers interprets contents as JavaScript unless one of the following occurs Inclusion of language attribute <script language=“VBS”>….</script> Inclusion of type attribute <script type=“text/javascript”>….</script> The type attribute is W3C recommended, it makes the language more common and in many ways more useful <script> tag is used [...]

Classes and objects are similar to Java. A variable of the desired type is created with the new operator. It supports Single inheritance only and uses the keyword extends to inherit from a super class. The inherited methods and members can be overridden, unless the parent class has defined a method as final. Databases One [...]

What is PHP? PHP stands for “PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor”. It is a server-side scripting language. PHP scripts are executed on the server and it is especially suited for Web development and can be embedded into HTML. The main goal of the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated web pages quickly. Its [...]

Support for OOP is provided through classes. In C#, we have the following modifiers: public: same as C++ internal: internal is accessible only to types within the same assembly which is similar to package in Java. protected: same as C++ internal protected: protected within the same assembly private: same as C++ The ‘new’ keyword can [...]

PROLOG stands for PROgramming in LOGic and was design in 1975 by Phillippe Roussell. It is a declarative programming language and is based upon Predicate Calculus. A program in PROLOG is written by defining predicates and rules and it has a built-in inference mechanism. Unfortunately, there is no effective standardization available. PROLOG Paradigm As mentioned [...]

Recursion is the main tool used for iteration. In fact, if you don’t know recursion, you won’t be able to go too far with LISP. There is a limit to the depth of the recursion, and it depends on the version of LISP. Following is an example of a recursive program in LISP. We shall [...]

In LISP, defun is used to write a user-defined function. Note that different dialects of LISP may use different keywords for defining a function. The syntax of defun is as below: (defun func-name (arg-1 … Arg-n) func-body) That is, a function has a name, list of arguments, and a body. A function returns the value [...]

Generics are like templates in C++ and allow parameterization of subprograms and packages with parameters which can be types and subprograms as well as values and objects. The following example elaborates the concept of generics. generic MAX : positive; type item is private; package STACK is procedure PUSH (x : item); function POP return item; [...]

The primary structure used for encapsulation in Ada is called a package. Packages are used to group data and subprograms. Packages can be hierarchical, allowing a structured and extensible relationship for data and code. All the standard Ada libraries are defined within packages. Package definitions usually consist of two parts: package specification and package body. [...]

There are three types of loops in Ada: Simple Loop – unconditional infinite loop While loop For Loop Simple Loop A simple loop is used to signify a potentially infinite loop. These loops are typically used in operating systems and embedded systems. Its syntax is as follows: loop – Loop body goes here end loop; [...]

Assignment statement Like all imperative languages, Ada also supports the assignment statement. However, in Ada the assignment is not an expression like C. The syntax of the assignment statement is as follows: Variable := expression; Note that, in Ada, ‘:=’ is used as the assignment operator whereas ‘=’ is used as assignment operator in C. [...]

Standards “A standard provides a model for development that makes it possible for a product to work regardless of the individual manufacturer|” Ü A great deal of coordination and cooperation is required by the devices to communicate Ü A device prepared by a specific manufacturer may not be compatible with the devices prepared by other [...]

Prospectus & Non-Current Liabilities – 4th Schedule Prospectus – Section 2 (1) 29 • A prospectus is defined as: “Prospectus” means any document described or issued as prospectus, and includes any notice, circular, advertisement, or other communication, inviting offers from the public for the subscription or purchase of any shares in, or debentures of, a [...]

INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION (CONTINUE……..) Aims To introduce the concept of interpersonal attraction and related concepts Objectives • To describe the characteristics of others as important factors in interpersonal attraction. • To discuss the situations when social interaction becomes problematic Characteristics of others & attraction The following characteristics of others have been involved in interpersonal attraction: Physical [...]

REPORT WRITING Although every report is custom-made for the project it represents, some conventions of report format are universal. These conventions have developed over a long period of time, and they represent a consensus about what parts are necessary to a good research report and how they should be ordered. The consensus is not an [...]

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TERMINOLOGY A sample is a subset, or some part, of a larger whole. A larger whole could be anything out which sample is taken. That ‘whole’ could be a bucket of water, a bag of sugar, a group of organizations, a group of students, a group of customers, or a group mid-level [...]

ATTITUDES Aims To introduce the concept of attitudes, components, and ways of assessment. Objectives To discuss definition of an attitude and its components To describe direct and indirect methods of assessing attitudes. Discussion about new section “Evaluating Persons and Relationships” of study in Social Psychology Since with the study of Attitudes, a new section is [...]

PROBLEM DEFINITION AND RESEARCH PROPOSAL The research process consists of a number of steps. The first step in any research is selecting the topic, which could start from the broad area of interest. There is no set formula for the identification of a topic of research. The best guide is to conduct research on something [...]

REVIEW OF LITERATURE A literature review is based on the assumption that knowledge accumulates and that we learn from and build on what others have done. Scientific research is a collective effort of many researchers who share their results with one another and who pursue knowledge as a community. Today’s studies build on those of [...]

ATTITUDES Aims To introduce the concept of attitudes, components, and ways of assessment. Objectives • To discuss definition of an attitude and its components • To describe direct and indirect methods of assessing attitudes. Discussion about new section “Evaluating Persons and Relationships” of study in Social Psychology Since with the study of Attitudes, a new [...]

SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH & ITS SPECIAL FEATURES Research produces knowledge which could be used for the solution of problems as well as for the generation of universal theories, principles and laws. But all knowledge is not science. The critical factor that separates scientific knowledge from other ways of acquiring knowledge is that it uses [...]

Higher Order Brain Functions Objectives: The students would be familiarized with the Brain Hemispheric differences, Laterality, specialized role of higher order brain functioning. Brain Damage and behaviors. Neuropsychological testing would also be discussed. Brain correlates: • Brain correlates of Learning and Memory, Amnesia, Verbal, Non verbal memory, (Neuropsychological tools) • Split Brain studies, Brain Hemispheric [...]

Brain and Motivational States Objectives: To familiarize the students with the Brain and motivational states Homeostasis, include temperature regulation, Cellular and brain controls of Thirst, Reward  systems and addictions, Fear, aggression, attachment Hunger, Body weight set point (Theories), Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, thirst, bio-rhythms,Sleep and awakening. Pathology related to sleep cycles Sleep disorders and treatment Neurophysiology [...]

Brain and Motivational States Objectives: To familiarize the students with the Brain and motivational states Homeostasis, include temperature regulation, Cellular and brain controls of Thirst, Reward  systems and addictions, Fear, aggression, attachment Hunger, Body weight set point (Theories), Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, thirst, bio-rhythms,Sleep and awakening. Pathology related to sleep cycles Sleep disorders and treatment Neurophysiology [...]

Brain and Motivational States Objectives: To familiarize the students with the Process of homeostasis, the biological systems, The brain modulation of these systems And how the body’s systems can compete with each other for the survival of the organism. Brain and motivational states Homeostasis, include temperature regulation, Hunger, thirst, bio-rhythms, Sleep and awakening. Pathology related [...]

Basic Neuroanatomy Objectives: The main objective of this lesson is to study • The Brain and the Peripheral systems: • Brain: Forebrain, Mid brain, Hind Brain functioning of each anatomical location in the CNS. Starting from the posterior located areas upto the anterior-most. • Cerebral Cortex: its layers, Corpus Callosum and the two hemispheres Main [...]