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We need simply three constructs to solve any problem. 1) Things should be executed sequentially. That means the statements are executed in a sequence i.e. the second statement follows the first and so on. 2) We need to have a decision. The decision means if something is true, the program executes it. Otherwise, it tries [...]

The declaration syntax of a function is as follows: return-value-type { function-name( argument-list ) declarations and statements }   The first line is the function header and the declaration and statement part is the body of the function. return-value_type: Function may or may not return a value. If a function returns a value, that must [...]

There is another statement relating to loops. This is the continue statement. Sometimes we have a lot of code in the body of a loop. The early part of this code is common that is to be executed every time (i.e. in every iteration of loop) and the remaining portion is to be executed in [...]

The Blood Channels are of two kinds—(1) The arteries, which lead the blood into the circulatory system; (2) the veins, which lead the blood back to the heart. The arteries divide up into branches, and these again divide into smaller and smaller arteries. The smallest, termed capillaries (Latin, capillus, a hair), are minute tubes having [...]

The Bucket Pump We may now pass to the commonest form of pump used in houses, stables, gardens, etc. (Fig. 174). The piston has a large hole through it, over the top of which a valve is hinged. At the bottom of the barrel is a second valve, also opening upwards, seated on the top [...]

The Diving-Bell Water is nearly 773 times as heavy as air. If we submerge a barometer a very little way below the surface of a water tank, we shall at once observe a rise of the mercury column. At a depth of 34 feet the pressure on any submerged object is 15 lbs. to the [...]

The Composition & Food Value of Cocoa & Chocolate Before the Spaniards made themselves Masters of Mexico, no other drink was esteem’d but that of cocoa; none caring for wine, notwithstanding the soil produces vines everywhere in great abundance of itself. John Ogilvy’s America, 1671. The early writers on chocolate generally became lyrical when they [...]

Circular Mats The circular mat is woven like the crown of a hat, with either the radiating center or a square center radiating at the four corners. In either case, the weaver must be careful to add the proper number of straws so that the mat will be flat, and not cupped or fluted. The [...]

Childern’s Clothes Infants’ Clothing Plainness, purity, softness of texture rather than elaborate ornament should be the main consideration for infants’ clothes. The finest and softest of French and Scotch flannels, French linen, dimity, nainsook, and India silk are always dainty and they should be made up very simply with little trimming, but that of the [...]

Linens Linen is one of the oldest textiles; it was used by the early Egyptians for the priests’ garments and for the wrappings of mummies. Many housekeepers think that there is no material for sheets and pillow cases comparable to linen, but it is not an ideal dressing for beds, for in spite of its [...]