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ATTRIBUTION ERRORS Aims Introduce the basic concept of causal judgment and errors involved in this process Objectives Understanding primary biases in attributions – fundamental attribution error, actor-observer bias, false consensus effect, self-serving attribution error, and ultimate attribution error Discussing implication of attribution errors Biases in Attribution Kelley’s model is idealized to explain causes of behaviour, [...]

Brain and Motivational States Objectives: To familiarize the students with the Brain and motivational states Homeostasis, include temperature regulation, Cellular and brain controls of Thirst, Reward  systems and addictions, Fear, aggression, attachment Hunger, Body weight set point (Theories), Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, thirst, bio-rhythms,Sleep and awakening. Pathology related to sleep cycles Sleep disorders and treatment Neurophysiology [...]

Brain and Motivational States Objectives: To familiarize the students with the Process of homeostasis, the biological systems, The brain modulation of these systems And how the body’s systems can compete with each other for the survival of the organism. Brain and motivational states Homeostasis, include temperature regulation, Hunger, thirst, bio-rhythms, Sleep and awakening. Pathology related [...]

Basic Neurochemistry Objectives: To familiarize the students with the Various NT and their role in the modulation of behaviors Classification of Neurotransmitters. Monoamines: Catechoalimnes and Indolemaine, acetylcholine, amino acid, and Peptide Neurotransmitters role in modulation of behaviors and Aberration Drugs and Behavior: Classification of Psychopharmacological substances Behavioral correlates, Treatment: Mechanism of synaptic transmission Major Neurotransmitters: [...]

Creating Button Window Class (Example) For button, we will use our well known API Create Window to create a button. hWnd = Create Window( “BUTTON”, “Virtual University”, BS_RADIO BUTTON | WS_VISIBLE | WS_OVER LAPPED WINDOW | WS_CAPTION, 50, 50, 200, 100, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL); This button has no parent. If you want to place [...]

Hierarchy of Windows The basic building block for displaying information in the Microsoft® Windows™ graphical environment is the window. Microsoft Windows manages how each window relates to all other windows in terms of visibility, ownership, and parent/child relationship. Windows uses this relationship information when creating, painting, destroying, sizing or displaying a window. A window can [...]

Basic Neuroanatomy Objectives: The main objective of this lesson is to study • The Brain and the Peripheral systems: • Brain: Forebrain, Mid brain, Hind Brain functioning of each anatomical location in the CNS. Starting from the posterior located areas upto the anterior-most. • Cerebral Cortex: its layers, Corpus Callosum and the two hemispheres Main [...]

RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF ASSESSMENT OF BRAIN FUNCTION Objectives: To familiarize the students with The various techniques used to study the brain and its function and structures. Invasive vs. Non- Invasive methods, Stereotaxic surgery. Stereotaxic Atlas used for brain surgery and manipulation, Hislotogical and cytological methods for Cell staining, Radio labelling, Flourescence, autoradiography, Lesioning [...]

RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF ASSESSMENT OF BRAIN FUNCTION Objectives: To familiarize the students with The various techniques used to study the brain and its function and structures. Invasive vs. Non- Invasive methods, Stereotaxic surgery. Stereotaxic Atlas used for brain surgery and manipulation, Hislotogical and cytological methods for Cell staining, Radio labelling, Flourescence, autoradiography, Lesioning [...]

GENES AND EXPERIENCE Objective: • To understand the Brain behaviour relationships from the perspectives of biological systems. In this section of the module the students would go through and understand Biological systems- their genetic basis and similarities with other animals. Mendelian Genetics. Where is the genetic programming of behaviour ( if any) Watson Crick Model. [...]

EVOLUTIONARY AND GENETIC BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR Objective: The concepts of evolution and its developmental process. Evolution of the homosapien to understand brain development and behavior changes as they evolved. Important developments of Homosapien development Stereoscopic vision Vision for seeing depth is more specialized. This reduced dependence on smell ( early mammalians developed smell as a [...]

EVOLUTIONARY AND GENETIC BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR Objective: To understand The Brain behavior relationships from the perspectives of biological systems. The concepts of theory of evolution and its developmental process. Evolution of the homosapien and to understand brain development and behavior changes. Evolution: As we have seen in the last lesson, the concepts of evolution were [...]

EVOLUTIONARY AND GENETIC BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR Objective: To understand The Brain behavior relationships from the perspectives of biological systems. The concepts of theory of evolution and its developmental process. Evolution of the homosapien and to understand brain development and behavior changes. Where is the genetic programming of behavior ( if any) and what are the [...]

SUB-SPECIALIZATIONS WITHIN THE BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCES Objectives This would elaborate the characteristics of research in behavioral neuroscience. This would elaborate on the understanding of various sub-specializations within the behavioral neurosciences which contribute to the understanding of brain and behavior relationship and how each relates to the other areas. According to Pinel (2002) the major areas of [...]

BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW Objectives: To orient students towards its historical and scientific roots. To relate it to other areas of specialization in Psychology. Behavioural Neurosciences is as wide as the fields within the scope of its domain and every single aspect of brain/behavior relationship of any organisms comes under its purview. This has extended more [...]

Software Verification and Validation Software Testing To understand the concept of software testing correctly, we need to understand a few related concepts. Software verification and validation Verification and validation are the processes in which we check a product against its specifications and the expectations of the users who will be using it. According to a [...]

INTRODUCTION Objectives: To familiarize the students with study of brain behavior study. To orient them towards its historical and scientific roots. To relate it to other areas of specialization in Psychology. Introduction The mastermind of all our living being is the brain which controls every aspect of behavior from molar to molecular—a universe within the [...]

Typical Processes Now we shall discuss processes which are typically modeled using data flow diagrams. These processes transform data in one or the other way but these are found in almost all the automated systems. Following are the examples Processes that take inputs and perform certain computations. For example, Calculate Commission is a process that [...]

State Transition Diagrams State transition diagrams (STDs) are another technique to document domain knowledge. In many cases, information flows from one place to the other and at each place certain action is taken on that piece of information before it moves to the next place. A file in an office is a typical office is [...]

VALUING STOCKS Valuing Stocks Fundamental Value and Dividend Discount Model Risk and Value of Stocks Valuing Stocks People differ in their opinions of how stocks should be valued Chartists believe that they can predict changes in a stock’s price by looking at patterns in its past price movements Behavioralists estimate the value of stocks based [...]

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION A Concept of Culture Culture refers to the behavioral characteristic typical of a group this definition implies that communication, oral and nonverbal within a group also are typical of that group and are unique. Ethnocentrism: judging other group or countries by the cultural standards, of your group. Cultural generalizations applicable to an entire [...]

POST PURCHASE DISSONANCE Understanding: Post Purchase Dissonance Conditions Leading to Dissonance Dissonance Reduction Marketing Implications Product Disposition – Alternatives Factors Influencing Product Disposition Consumer is uncertain of the wisdom of his decision; he rethinks this decision in the post purchase stage. Consumers may become dissonant (inharmonious) over a purchase decision as a result of discrepancy [...]

ATTITUDE FORMATION AND CHANGE CHAPTER 5: INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Understanding: Attitude Formation Attitude Change How do people, especially young people form their initial general attitudes towards clothing they wear, e.g. casual wear, and business attire? How do they form attitudes towards certain brands of clothing? How do friends and family members come to [...]

ATTITUDES CHAPTER 5: INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Understanding: Attitudes Attitude Research Characteristics of Research Attitude is a learned predisposition to behave in a constantly favorable or unfavorable way with respect to an object As consumers each of us has a vast number of attitudes towards products, services, advertisements, internet, etc… Whenever we are asked: [...]

INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING, INFORMATION PROCESSING AND MEMORY CHAPTER 5: INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Understanding: Instrumental Conditioning Information processing and memory Instrumental Conditioning theorists hold that stimulus that is linked to the most satisfactory response will be learnt. They believe that learning occurs through a trial and error process with habits formed as a result of [...]

CONSUMER MOTIVATION CHAPTER 5: INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Understanding: Motivation as a Psychological Force Needs Goals Positive & Negative Motivation Rational vs. Emotional Motivation Types and systems of Needs Hierarchy of Needs Savvy companies define their missions in terms of consumer needs they satisfy rather than the products they make and sell. Consumers basic [...]

CONSUMER PERSONALITY, TRAIT THEORY AND SELF IMAGES CHAPTER 5: INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Understanding: Consumer purchase as a reflection of Consumer Personality Trait theory Self Image Consumer Researchers who apply Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to the study of consumer personality believe that human drives are largely unconscious. Consumers are primarily unaware of their true reasons [...]

UNDERSTANDING PERSONALITY CHAPTER 5: INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR 1. PERSONALITY The Nature of Personality Theories of Personality Freudian Theory Trait Theory Brand Personality Self and Self Image 2. MOTIVATION Motivation as a Psychological Force Needs Goals Positive & Negative Motivation Rational VS. Emotional Motivation Types and Systems of Needs Hierarchy of Needs Trio of [...]

CONSUMER SOCIAL CLASSES CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES Understanding: Shopping groups Celebrity and other reference groups Family as group Two or more people who shop together, whether for food, clothing or simply to pass the time can be called a shopping group. Such groups are often the offshoots of family or friendship groups and are often [...]

MEASUREMENT OF CULTURE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES Consumer Field work Participant Observation Value Measurement Survey Instrument Rokeach Survey The LOV (list of values) Scale When examining a specific society, researchers frequently immerse themselves in the environment under study through consumer field work. As trained researchers they are likely to select a small sample of people from a [...]