CkBooks Online – Free Online Books

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A theoretical framework is conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among several factors that have been identified as important to the problem under study. These factors which may also be called as variables may have been identified through such processes as interviews with informants, observations, and [...]

Higher Order Brain Functions Objectives: The students would be familiarized with the role of higher order brain functioning in learning, memory and amnesias. Brain correlates: • Brain correlates of Learning and Memory, Amnesia, Verbal, Non verbal memory, • Famous case of Amnesia, H.M. Memory is one of the puzzles where biologist, physiologists, neurologists started working [...]

GENES AND EXPERIENCE Objective: • To understand the Brain behaviour relationships from the perspectives of biological systems. In this section of the module the students would go through and understand Biological systems- their genetic basis and similarities with other animals. Mendelian Genetics. Where is the genetic programming of behaviour (if any) Watson Crick Model. What [...]

GENES AND EXPERIENCE Objective: • To understand the Brain behaviour relationships from the perspectives of biological systems. In this section of the module the students would go through and understand Biological systems- their genetic basis and similarities with other animals. Mendelian Genetics. Where is the genetic programming of behaviour ( if any) Watson Crick Model. [...]

SUB-SPECIALIZATIONS WITHIN THE BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCES Objectives This would elaborate the characteristics of research in behavioral neuroscience. This would elaborate on the understanding of various sub-specializations within the behavioral neurosciences which contribute to the understanding of brain and behavior relationship and how each relates to the other areas. According to Pinel (2002) the major areas of [...]

White box testing As described in the section above, in white box testing we test the structure of the program. In this technique the test cases are written in a manner to cover different possibilities in code. Below are described three coverage schemes. Coverage Statement Coverage: In this scheme, statements of the code are tested [...]

BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW Objectives: To orient students towards its historical and scientific roots. To relate it to other areas of specialization in Psychology. Behavioural Neurosciences is as wide as the fields within the scope of its domain and every single aspect of brain/behavior relationship of any organisms comes under its purview. This has extended more [...]

Software and System Architecture Introduction When building a house, the architect, the general contractor, the electrician, the plumber, the interior designer, and the landscaper all have different views of the structure. Although these views are pictured differently, all are inherently related: together, they describe the building’s architecture. The same is true with software architecture. Architectural [...]

Introduction Software engineering is an interesting subject. In order to understand this subject we will need to look at a number of examples and case studies. And we will need to see how we can develop good software and how it could be improved in different scenarios? Before we move on to software engineering we [...]

FIVE CORE PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING 1. Time has Value Time affects the value of financial instruments. Interest payments exist because of time properties of financial instruments Example At 6% interest rate, 4 year loan of $10,000 for a car Requires 48 monthly installments of $235 each Total repayment = $235 x 48 = [...]

PROCESS OF PREPARING THE INTERVIEW Qualifications for the Job Suitability for the specific job is judged on the basis of Academic preparation Work experience Job-related personality traits Have some idea of whether you have the right qualifications, based on a review of your resume. But during the interview, you’ll be asked to describe your education [...]

JOB INQUIRY LETTER AND INTERVIEW Use a job-inquiry letter to request an application form, which is a standardized data sheet that simplifier’s comparison of applicant’s credentials. Your care in filling out application forms suggests to the employer that you will be thorough and careful in your work. Guideline Writing Follow-up Messages B. Inquiries Make an [...]

BUSINESS REPORTS Model Business Reports A Model Report October 10, 2003 The General Manager, Fit Garment Industries, Multan Road Lahore. Dear Sir, Subject: Report on the strike of the workers in the factory. Following your instructions, I have probed into the matter regarding the strike of all the workers in the factory. Here are my [...]

BASES FOR SEGMENTATION: BENEFIT SEGMENTATION Marketers and Advertising Executives constantly try to identify one most important benefit of their product. e.g. Zaikay ka Naya Andaaz Dimaagh ki batti ko ropshan kar day A segmentation study identifying what drives consumers’ preferences identified the five strategic brand benefits: Functional (quality) Value for money Social Benefit Positive Emotional [...]

BASES FOR SEGMENTATION: SOCIOCULTURAL, USE RELATED & USAGE SITUATION SEGMENTATION Sociocultural segmentation combines social (related to groups) and cultural variables (related to the shared values, beliefs, attitudes of people) that provide further basis for segmentation Groups Group may be defined as two or more people who interact with each other to accomplish either individual or [...]

Executing Process / Controlling Process/ Closing Process ⇒ Executing Process Tasks Project Plan Execution—carrying out the project plan by performing the activities included therein. Quality Assurance—evaluating overall project performance on a regular basis to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards Team Development —developing individual and group skills/competencies to enhance project [...]

Planning Process Tasks Scope Planning Scope Definition Activity Definition Activity Sequencing Activity Duration Estimating Resource Planning Cost Estimating Cost Budgeting Risk Planning Schedule Development Quality Planning Communications Planning Organization Planning Staff Acquisition Procurement Planning Project Plan Development 1) Scope Planning — developing a written scope statement as the basis for future project decisions 2) Scope [...]

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING Probability samples that rely on random processes require more work than nonrandom ones. A researcher must identify specific sampling elements (e.g. persons) to include in the sample. For example, if conducting a telephone survey, the researcher needs to try to reach the specific sampled person, by calling back several times, to [...]

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TERMINOLOGY A sample is a subset, or some part, of a larger whole. A larger whole could be anything out which sample is taken. That ‘whole’ could be a bucket of water, a bag of sugar, a group of organizations, a group of students, a group of customers, or a group mid-level [...]

Project Execution You already learned in the beginning of the chapter that a software project is divided into different phases. This division is done on the basis of the activities performed in each phase. Similarly, project management activities are also arranged in phases. As a project manager, you perform the activities that map to each [...]

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A theoretical framework is conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among several factors that have been identified as important to the problem under study. These factors which may also be called as variables may have been identified through such processes as interviews with informants, observations, and [...]

THE STANDARD AS LAW Introductory Remarks In dealing with the different types of ethical theory, it seems most convenient to start with those that take as their fundamental conception the idea of Duty, Right, Law, and Obligation. To the race, as to the child, morality tends to present itself first in the form of commandments, [...]

MONEY, CENTRAL BANKING AND MONETARY POLICY BALANCE SHEET OF STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN (SBP) Any balance sheet has two sides: assets and liabilities, and the totals of the two must balance. Balance sheet of SBP Assets Liabilities 1-Forex reserves 4- Notes, coins & currency in circulation: M0 2-Loans/Credit to Govt 5- Govt & commercial bank [...]

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: CONSUMPTION SIDE ANALYSIS SCARCITY AND RATIONAL CHOICE Although scarcity, as defined in Lectures 1-2 was of a different nature, the most common form of scarcity is the scarcity of income, i.e., the money resources are limited and consumers are faced with the decision on how to spend those scarce resources on different goods [...]

FUNCTIONALISM Various schools of thoughts have emerged in psychology in the last two to three hundred years. These schools differed from one another on the basis of what they reckoned as the subject matter of psychology and how they explained it. One of the early major schools in the development of psychology is the functionalist [...]

LOCAL OR INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE (continued) Scientific Knowledge vs. Local Knowledge Is local knowledge ultimately equivalent to knowledge gained through science, or is it structured entirely differently? This is an age-old topic of debate in anthropology; the debate concerned with rationality and so-called alternative modes of thought. A corresponding practical question is if local knowledge can [...]

CULTURE AND BELIEFS Systems of Beliefs Although all cultures have belief systems, the forms these beliefs take vary widely from society to society. It is often difficult to define belief systems cross-culturally because different societies have different ways of expressing faith Anthropological Perspective on Beliefs The anthropological study of belief systems does not attempt to [...]

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION (continued) State Systems State systems have the greatest amount of political integration, specialized political roles and maintain authority on the basis of an ideology. States are associated with intensive agriculture market economies, urbanization, and complex forms of social stratification. States began to be formed 5,500 years ago with the Greek city-states and the [...]

STRATIFICATION AND CULTURE Stratification and its Manifestations Individuals in different cultures and societies have varying amounts of access to wealth, power and prestige This evident inequality leads to stratification, whereby groups or categories of people are ranked hierarchically relative to one another Social Ranking Social ranking is an important feature found to one degree or [...]

GENDER AND CULTURE Meaning of Gender Gender refers to the way members of the two sexes are perceived, evaluated, and expected to behave. It is not possible to determine the extent to which culture or biology determines differences in behaviors or attitudes between males or females. Although biology sets broad limits on gender definitions, there [...]