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The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2008 was awarded to American Paul Robin Krugman for his development of a new theory of international trade and of economic geography. Through the integration of economies of scale into general equilibrium models, Krugman furthered understanding of both the determinants of trade and the location of production in an increasingly globalized post-World War II economy.

His research findings explained how the consumer’s desire for variety and choice enabled countries to achieve the economies of scale required to trade profitably in similar products. This led to later research on the “new economic geography,” which explained the location of jobs and businesses and why there was acceleration in the pace of urbanization and a population decline in rural areas.

Through his new theory of trade, Krugman demonstrated why rich countries trade with each other in similar goods (such as the trading of cars between Japan and Germany) when there is no apparent comparative advantage. His analysis was based on the assumption of economies of scale, where mass production leads to a fall in unit cost, but more crucially on the principle that consumers want diversity in the products available to them. 64 Paul Krugman Jeff Zelevansky/Getty Images Traditional trade theories, from the early 1800s (notably British economist David Ricardo’s laissez-faire Iron Law of Wages) to the 1920s and ’30s (in particular the Heckscher-Ohlin theory established by Swedish economists Eli Filip Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin), suggested that trading partnerships were based on national differences, as countries specialized in producing what they did best and imported the rest.

In general, these theories provided an adequate explanation of most international trade until the 1950s, when like-for-like trade began to increase and new international trade patterns emerged. Krugman’s trade model, which he detailed in an article in the Journal of International Economics in 1979, showed that when trade barriers are removed, larger markets are created.

While the increased global competition may reduce the number of foreign firms, the ensuing trade benefits not from specialization but rather from economies of scale, competition, and the wider choice and variety of goods available to consumers (as in the global automobile industry). In his 1991 paper “Increasing Returns and Economic Geography,” Krugman developed a comprehensive theory of location of labour and firms in which he examined the proximity factor that drives urbanization. Large firms might cluster near a large market in order to exploit economies of scale and to minimize transport costs to their customers. Previous theories had assumed that firms clustered geographically in order to benefit from any spin-off in terms of expertise that they might glean from each other.

Krugman was born in New York City on Feb. 28, 1953, and was educated at Yale University (B.A., 1974) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1977), where he then was a member of the economics faculty from 1979 to 2000. He left MIT for a year (1982–83) to work as the chief staffer for international economics on Pres. Ronald Reagan’s Council of Economic Advisers and again for a hiatus (1994–96) to teach at Stanford University. From 1979 he also worked as a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. In 2000 he became a professor of economics and international affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University.

Krugman was a prolific and sometimes controversial writer, with more than 20 books and 200 papers in professional journals to his credit. His notable books include scholarly works such as The Risks Facing the World Economy (1991), Currencies and Crises (1992), and World Savings Shortage (1994); economics textbooks such as Microeconomics (2004) and Macroeconomics (2005); and nonacademic best sellers such as The Return of Depression Economics (1999), The Great Unravelling (2003), and The Conscience of a Liberal (2007).

He gained a broader readership through his regular magazine columns in Slate (1996–99) and Fortune (1997–99) and especially through his politically partisan and frequently humorous Op-Ed column in the New York Times (from 2000). Prior to the Nobel, Krugman received (1991) the John Bates Clark medal, given every two years to an economist under age 40 who was judged to have made the most significant contribution to economic knowledge. (JANET H. CLARK)